1公式と解法
感染管理と患者の安全
解き方
- すべての患者に標準予防策から始めます:手指衛生、予想される曝露に応じた個人防護具(PPE)、安全な鋭利器材の扱い。
- 経路に応じて予防策を追加します:接触(ガウン、手袋)、飛沫(サージカルマスク)、空気(N95、陰圧室)。
- 滅菌物は滅菌のまま保ちます:疑わしければ滅菌ではありません。拭かずに交換します。
- 環境内の害を防ぎます:転倒対策、身体拘束は最後の手段、火災には RACE と PASS。
- 与薬の権利、2つの識別子、ハイリスク薬の追加の安全対策を確認し、エラーやヒヤリハットを報告します。
2演習問題
1.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
How should a portable oxygen cylinder be kept in a patient’s room?
- ALying loose on the floor beside the bed
- BLaid on the bed next to the patient
- CPlaced next to a heater to keep it warm
- DSecured upright in a stand or holder
2.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient asks for a pain tablet. The record shows none has been given, but the patient says, “The other nurse gave me one earlier.” What should the nurse do?
- AGive the tablet, because the record shows none was given
- BCheck with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
- CGive half a tablet now, to be safe, and the other half later if needed
- DTell the patient they must be confused
3.基礎看護学ふつう
Why should reddened skin over a bony area not be massaged?
- AMassage can damage the deeper tissues further
- BMassage hides early signs of infection
- CMassage is only allowed when done by a physiotherapist
- DMassage makes the redness spread to other areas
4.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient with COPD and a known risk of hypercapnia is acutely breathless with an SpO₂ of 82%. What is correct?
- AGive the highest oxygen flow possible and aim for 100%
- BWithhold oxygen completely, because oxygen is dangerous in COPD
- CWait for an arterial blood gas result before giving any oxygen at all
- DGive controlled oxygen, e.g. via a Venturi mask, aiming for 88–92%
5.微生物学ふつう
弱毒化した生ウイルスを含むワクチンはどれですか?
- A破傷風ワクチン
- BMMR(麻疹・おたふくかぜ・風疹)
- CB 型肝炎ワクチン
- D不活化インフルエンザ注射
6.微生物学むずかしい
10 代の患者に発熱、項部硬直、圧迫しても消えない紫色の発疹があります。髄液にはグラム陰性双球菌が見られます。最も可能性が高い生物はどれですか?
- ANeisseria meningitidis
- BEscherichia coli
- CListeria monocytogenes
- DStreptococcus pneumoniae
3溶液
1.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Secured upright in a stand or holder
これが答えになる理由
Oxygen cylinders are under high pressure and can be damaged or cause injury if they fall. They are kept upright in a holder or cart, away from heat and flames.
D · Secured upright in a stand or holder
2.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
これが答えになる理由
Undocumented doses can lead to double dosing. The nurse checks with colleagues and the dispensing records, then gives the drug only once it is clear whether a dose was given.
B · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
3.基礎看護学
答え: A · Massage can damage the deeper tissues further
これが答えになる理由
Massaging red, pressure-damaged areas can tear small blood vessels and worsen tissue damage. Pressure is relieved by repositioning instead.
A · Massage can damage the deeper tissues further
4.基礎看護学
答え: D · Give controlled oxygen, e.g. via a Venturi mask, aiming for 88–92%
これが答えになる理由
Oxygen must not be withheld from a hypoxic patient. In those at risk of hypercapnia it is given in a controlled way to a target of 88–92%, with blood gases checked.
D · Give controlled oxygen, e.g. via a Venturi mask, aiming for 88–92%
5.微生物学
答え: B · MMR(麻疹・おたふくかぜ・風疹)
これが答えになる理由
MMR は少しだけ複製する弱毒化した生ウイルスを含み、強く長く続く免疫を与えます。破傷風はトキソイド、B 型肝炎はサブユニットワクチンです。
6.微生物学
答え: A · Neisseria meningitidis
これが答えになる理由
Neisseria meningitidis はグラム陰性双球菌で、点状出血や紫斑を伴う髄膜炎と敗血症を起こします。緊急の抗生物質投与が必要で、接触者には予防投与が必要なことがあります。
A · Neisseria meningitidis