公式集、全トピックの解法の要点、6 問の演習問題。完全な解答は巻末にあります。
A nurse pours sterile saline into a bowl on a sterile field. Which technique is correct?
Ten minutes into a red blood cell transfusion, the patient reports chills and low back pain and has a new fever. What should the nurse do first?
A catheterised patient has had no urine in the bag for two hours. What should the nurse check first?
Why is heat usually avoided on a fresh soft-tissue injury during the first day?
弱毒化した生ウイルスを含むワクチンはどれですか？
ジョゼフ・リスターは 1860 年代に手術後の感染を減らしました。彼の主な革新は何でしたか？
答え: C · Hold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
The nurse pours from a little height without touching the sterile bowl, avoiding splashes that would wet the field. Holding the label in the palm keeps it readable and free of drips.
答え: A · Stop the transfusion
These signs suggest an acute transfusion reaction, possibly hemolytic. The nurse stops the transfusion at once, keeps the IV open with normal saline through new tubing, assesses the patient and notifies the provider and blood bank.
答え: B · The tubing for kinks or blockage and where the bag is
Kinked or trapped tubing, a bag above bladder level or a blocked catheter are common causes. If these are fine, the patient is assessed for low output and the doctor informed.
答え: A · It widens blood vessels and can increase swelling and bleeding
Heat causes vasodilation, which can worsen swelling and bleeding in an acute injury. Cold is used first; heat may help later with stiffness.
答え: C · MMR（麻疹・おたふくかぜ・風疹）
MMR は少しだけ複製する弱毒化した生ウイルスを含み、強く長く続く免疫を与えます。破傷風はトキソイド、B 型肝炎はサブユニットワクチンです。
答え: B · 傷と器具の消毒薬として石炭酸（フェノール）を使うこと
リスターは傷、包帯、器具に石炭酸を使い、術後感染を大きく減らしました。これが消毒法による手術（制腐的手術）の始まりです。
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