1公式と解法
感染管理と患者の安全
解き方
- すべての患者に標準予防策から始めます:手指衛生、予想される曝露に応じた個人防護具(PPE)、安全な鋭利器材の扱い。
- 経路に応じて予防策を追加します:接触(ガウン、手袋)、飛沫(サージカルマスク)、空気(N95、陰圧室)。
- 滅菌物は滅菌のまま保ちます:疑わしければ滅菌ではありません。拭かずに交換します。
- 環境内の害を防ぎます:転倒対策、身体拘束は最後の手段、火災には RACE と PASS。
- 与薬の権利、2つの識別子、ハイリスク薬の追加の安全対策を確認し、エラーやヒヤリハットを報告します。
2演習問題
1.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient on contact precautions must be taken to another department for a test. What is correct?
- ACancel the test until the precautions are no longer needed, however urgent it is
- BPut the patient in a separate elevator with the doors open
- CCover wounds, give the patient a clean gown and tell the receiving department
- DHave the patient wear an N95 respirator during transport
2.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A toddler has bruises of different ages and a burn, and the parent’s explanation does not fit the injuries. What should the nurse do?
- AReport the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
- BDocument only and say nothing to anyone
- CConfront the parent and ask them to admit to abuse
- DWait until there is clear proof of abuse before reporting anything at all
3.基礎看護学ふつう
Using the AVPU scale, a patient who opens their eyes and groans only when the nurse squeezes their shoulder is scored as:
- AA
- BU
- CV
- DP
4.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient receiving chemotherapy develops a temperature of 38.3 °C. Why is this treated as an emergency?
- AChemotherapy always causes a fever that needs no action
- BThey may have neutropenic sepsis, which can quickly become fatal
- CA fever shows the cancer has spread
- DThe fever means the chemotherapy has stopped working on the cancer
5.微生物学ふつう
高い接種率が、接種するには幼すぎる赤ちゃんも守るのはなぜですか?
- A感染をうつしうる人が減るので、感染が広がりにくくなるから
- B接種した人が出会う全員に抗体を渡すから
- C赤ちゃんはワクチンで予防できるすべての病気に生まれつき免疫があるから
- Dワクチンが環境中の病原体を殺すから
6.微生物学むずかしい
R0(基本再生産数)が 3 とはどういう意味ですか?
- Aワクチンが 3 回必要
- B感染が 3 日続く
- C感染者の 3% が死亡する
- D全員が感受性のある集団で、1 人の患者が平均 3 人にうつす
3溶液
1.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Cover wounds, give the patient a clean gown and tell the receiving department
これが答えになる理由
Transport is limited to what is necessary. Infected areas are contained or covered, the patient wears a clean gown, the receiving area is informed and equipment is cleaned afterwards.
C · Cover wounds, give the patient a clean gown and tell the receiving department
2.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
これが答えになる理由
Injuries that do not match the history must be reported, and proof is not needed. In the US, nurses are legally mandated reporters; in the UK and many other countries, safeguarding procedures require the concern to be referred to the designated lead or children’s social care. The child’s safety is ensured and the findings are documented factually.
A · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
3.基礎看護学
答え: D · P
これが答えになる理由
AVPU stands for Alert, responds to Voice, responds to Pain, Unresponsive. A response only to a painful stimulus is "P", a serious sign that needs urgent review.
4.基礎看護学
答え: B · They may have neutropenic sepsis, which can quickly become fatal
これが答えになる理由
Patients with a low neutrophil count may have few signs of infection apart from fever and can deteriorate fast. Urgent assessment and IV antibiotics, usually within an hour, are needed.
B · They may have neutropenic sepsis, which can quickly become fatal
5.微生物学
答え: A · 感染をうつしうる人が減るので、感染が広がりにくくなるから
これが答えになる理由
十分な数の人が免疫を持つと伝播の連鎖が断たれ、病原体は幼い赤ちゃんや免疫抑制患者のような感受性のある人にほとんど届かなくなります。
A · 感染をうつしうる人が減るので、感染が広がりにくくなるから
6.微生物学
答え: D · 全員が感受性のある集団で、1 人の患者が平均 3 人にうつす
これが答えになる理由
R0 は全員が感受性を持つときに 1 人の患者から生じる二次感染者の平均数です。集団免疫には人口の約 1 − 1/R0 が免疫を持つ必要があり、R0 = 3 なら約 67% です。
D · 全員が感受性のある集団で、1 人の患者が平均 3 人にうつす