1公式と解法
感染管理と患者の安全
解き方
- すべての患者に標準予防策から始めます:手指衛生、予想される曝露に応じた個人防護具(PPE)、安全な鋭利器材の扱い。
- 経路に応じて予防策を追加します:接触(ガウン、手袋)、飛沫(サージカルマスク)、空気(N95、陰圧室)。
- 滅菌物は滅菌のまま保ちます:疑わしければ滅菌ではありません。拭かずに交換します。
- 環境内の害を防ぎます:転倒対策、身体拘束は最後の手段、火災には RACE と PASS。
- 与薬の権利、2つの識別子、ハイリスク薬の追加の安全対策を確認し、エラーやヒヤリハットを報告します。
2演習問題
1.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient has patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). A family member presses the button while the patient sleeps. What should the nurse explain?
- AOnly the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
- BFamily can press it as long as they count the presses
- CPressing it while the patient sleeps prevents the pain from getting worse later
- DThe pump will always stop any overdose
2.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A flexible bronchoscope contacts mucous membranes but does not enter sterile tissue. Which level of processing is required at a minimum between patients?
- AHigh-level disinfection
- BWiping with an alcohol wipe
- CLow-level disinfection
- DCleaning with soap and water only
3.基礎看護学ふつう
Why is nail varnish or false nails often removed before surgery?
- AThey can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
- BThey can catch fire from the electrical equipment used in theatre
- CThey are a common cause of wound infection
- DThey make the anaesthetic work less well
4.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient receiving chemotherapy develops a temperature of 38.3 °C. Why is this treated as an emergency?
- AThe fever means the chemotherapy has stopped working on the cancer
- BThey may have neutropenic sepsis, which can quickly become fatal
- CChemotherapy always causes a fever that needs no action
- DA fever shows the cancer has spread
5.微生物学ふつう
妊婦が非加熱殺菌のソフトチーズを避けるよう勧められるのはなぜですか?
- A胎児に害を与えうる Listeria を含むことがあるから
- B胎盤を通過する C 型肝炎ウイルスを含むことが多いから
- C条虫の卵を含むことがあるから
- D胎児にとって乳糖が多すぎるから
6.微生物学むずかしい
細菌が薬を細胞の外にくみ出すとき、使っている耐性機構は?
- A排出ポンプ
- B標的の変化
- C酵素による不活化
- Dポーリンからの取り込み低下のみ
3溶液
1.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
これが答えになる理由
PCA is safe because a patient who becomes drowsy stops pressing the button. When others press it (“PCA by proxy”), sedation and respiratory depression can occur.
A · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
2.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · High-level disinfection
これが答えになる理由
Items that touch mucous membranes or non-intact skin are semi-critical and need at least high-level disinfection after thorough cleaning. Inadequate reprocessing of endoscopes has caused outbreaks.
A · High-level disinfection
3.基礎看護学
答え: A · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
これが答えになる理由
Dark varnish or false nails can block the oximeter's light and hide nail-bed colour. Clear access to the nails helps monitor oxygenation and circulation.
A · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
4.基礎看護学
答え: B · They may have neutropenic sepsis, which can quickly become fatal
これが答えになる理由
Patients with a low neutrophil count may have few signs of infection apart from fever and can deteriorate fast. Urgent assessment and IV antibiotics, usually within an hour, are needed.
B · They may have neutropenic sepsis, which can quickly become fatal
5.微生物学
答え: A · 胎児に害を与えうる Listeria を含むことがあるから
これが答えになる理由
Listeria monocytogenes は冷蔵食品の中で増え、胎盤を通過することができます。流産、死産、重い新生児感染症を起こすことがあります。
A · 胎児に害を与えうる Listeria を含むことがあるから
6.微生物学
答え: A · 排出ポンプ
これが答えになる理由
排出ポンプはテトラサイクリン系やフルオロキノロン系などの抗生物質を能動的に外へ出し、細胞内の濃度を効かないほど低く保ちます。