1公式と解法
感染管理と患者の安全
解き方
- すべての患者に標準予防策から始めます:手指衛生、予想される曝露に応じた個人防護具(PPE)、安全な鋭利器材の扱い。
- 経路に応じて予防策を追加します:接触(ガウン、手袋)、飛沫(サージカルマスク)、空気(N95、陰圧室)。
- 滅菌物は滅菌のまま保ちます:疑わしければ滅菌ではありません。拭かずに交換します。
- 環境内の害を防ぎます:転倒対策、身体拘束は最後の手段、火災には RACE と PASS。
- 与薬の権利、2つの識別子、ハイリスク薬の追加の安全対策を確認し、エラーやヒヤリハットを報告します。
2演習問題
1.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A child has swallowed a button battery. Why is this urgent?
- AIt always passes through the gut without harm
- BThe only risk is poisoning from heavy metals years later
- CIt can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
- DIt is only harmful if several batteries are swallowed
2.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
The laboratory reports that a blood sample labeled with one patient’s name has a blood group different from that patient’s previous result. What is the most likely problem and response?
- AA wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
- BA laboratory machine fault, so no action is needed
- CThe previous result was wrong, so it is deleted
- DA normal change in the patient’s blood group over the years since the last test
3.基礎看護学ふつう
Why is a patient with a suspected spinal injury moved by log-rolling?
- AIt reduces the number of staff needed
- BIt lets the patient help with the turn
- CIt keeps the head, neck and spine aligned as one unit
- DIt is the fastest way to turn any patient, whatever their condition
4.基礎看護学むずかしい
Vaccinating staff against influenza breaks the chain of infection at which link?
- AThe mode of transmission
- BThe susceptible host
- CThe portal of exit
- DThe reservoir
5.微生物学ふつう
コレラは大量の「米のとぎ汁様」の下痢を起こします。最も重要な治療は何ですか?
- A抗真菌薬
- B腸を休ませて回復させるため、経口での水分摂取をすべて止めること
- C抗ウイルス薬
- D経口または静脈からの補液で水分と塩分を補うこと
6.微生物学むずかしい
血液培養陽性で、ブドウの房状に集まったグラム陽性球菌が見られます。最も可能性が高い生物は?
- A短い連鎖の Enterococcus
- BNeisseria
- CStreptococcus
- DStaphylococcus
3溶液
1.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
これが答えになる理由
A button battery lodged in the esophagus can cause severe chemical burns within a few hours, so the child needs emergency assessment and often removal. It should never be treated as harmless.
C · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
2.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
これが答えになる理由
A different blood group strongly suggests the sample came from another patient. A new sample is taken with careful bedside identification and labeling, and the event is reported as a serious near miss.
A · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
3.基礎看護学
答え: C · It keeps the head, neck and spine aligned as one unit
これが答えになる理由
Log-rolling turns the body as a single unit while one person controls the head and neck, protecting a possibly unstable spine.
C · It keeps the head, neck and spine aligned as one unit
4.基礎看護学
答え: B · The susceptible host
これが答えになる理由
Immunisation makes a person no longer susceptible, so the infection cannot establish itself in them. Hand hygiene, by contrast, breaks the mode of transmission.
5.微生物学
答え: D · 経口または静脈からの補液で水分と塩分を補うこと
これが答えになる理由
コレラ毒素は腸の細胞に大量の水と塩分を分泌させます。すばやい補液がほとんどの命を救い、抗生物質は病気の期間を短くするだけです。
D · 経口または静脈からの補液で水分と塩分を補うこと
6.微生物学
答え: D · Staphylococcus
これが答えになる理由
ブドウ球菌はブドウの房のような塊で増え、レンサ球菌と腸球菌は連鎖状か対で増えます。ナイセリアはグラム陰性双球菌です。