1公式と解法
感染管理と患者の安全
解き方
- すべての患者に標準予防策から始めます:手指衛生、予想される曝露に応じた個人防護具(PPE)、安全な鋭利器材の扱い。
- 経路に応じて予防策を追加します:接触(ガウン、手袋)、飛沫(サージカルマスク)、空気(N95、陰圧室)。
- 滅菌物は滅菌のまま保ちます:疑わしければ滅菌ではありません。拭かずに交換します。
- 環境内の害を防ぎます:転倒対策、身体拘束は最後の手段、火災には RACE と PASS。
- 与薬の権利、2つの識別子、ハイリスク薬の追加の安全対策を確認し、エラーやヒヤリハットを報告します。
2演習問題
1.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient with a respiratory infection has a raised procalcitonin level. What does this most suggest?
- AA purely viral illness
- BAn allergic reaction to a recent medication
- CA bacterial rather than a viral infection
- DDehydration from poor intake
2.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient with depression has suddenly become calm and is giving away personal possessions. What does this suggest?
- AThat the patient is now ready for discharge today
- BA possibly increased suicide risk that needs immediate assessment
- CThat the patient wants to make new friends on the unit
- DThat the depression has resolved and observation can be reduced
3.基礎看護学ふつう
Which care best protects the skin of a patient with frequent urinary incontinence?
- ALeaving the skin wet so it does not dry out
- BGentle cleansing after each episode and a barrier product
- CApplying talcum powder thickly after each episode
- DScrubbing the area with soap and hot water twice a day
4.基礎看護学むずかしい
Which action is most effective in preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection?
- AGiving antibiotics to every catheterised patient
- BWashing out the bladder every day
- CChanging the drainage bag every few hours to keep the system fresh
- DRemoving the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
5.微生物学ふつう
結核を起こす生物はどれで、グラム染色で染まりにくいのはなぜですか?
- ALegionella pneumophila。アメーバの中で生きる
- BMycobacterium tuberculosis。ミコール酸を含むろう状の細胞壁を持つ
- CStreptococcus pneumoniae。莢膜を持つ
- DMycoplasma pneumoniae。染色液を取り込む細胞壁を持たない
6.微生物学むずかしい
10 代の患者に発熱、項部硬直、圧迫しても消えない紫色の発疹があります。髄液にはグラム陰性双球菌が見られます。最も可能性が高い生物はどれですか?
- AStreptococcus pneumoniae
- BEscherichia coli
- CListeria monocytogenes
- DNeisseria meningitidis
3溶液
1.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
これが答えになる理由
Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.
C · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
2.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · A possibly increased suicide risk that needs immediate assessment
これが答えになる理由
A sudden improvement in mood with giving away belongings can mean the person has made a plan. The nurse assesses suicide risk directly, increases observation and informs the team.
B · A possibly increased suicide risk that needs immediate assessment
3.基礎看護学
答え: B · Gentle cleansing after each episode and a barrier product
これが答えになる理由
Moisture and urine break down the skin barrier. Prompt, gentle cleansing with a pH-balanced cleanser and a barrier cream or film protects against incontinence-associated dermatitis.
B · Gentle cleansing after each episode and a barrier product
4.基礎看護学
答え: D · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
これが答えになる理由
The infection risk grows with each day of catheterisation, so the most effective step is avoiding unnecessary catheters and removing them early. Routine bladder washouts and frequent bag changes break the closed system and add risk.
D · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
5.微生物学
答え: B · Mycobacterium tuberculosis。ミコール酸を含むろう状の細胞壁を持つ
これが答えになる理由
結核菌の細胞壁はミコール酸に富むためグラム染色に抵抗し、抗酸染色で確認します。
B · Mycobacterium tuberculosis。ミコール酸を含むろう状の細胞壁を持つ
6.微生物学
答え: D · Neisseria meningitidis
これが答えになる理由
Neisseria meningitidis はグラム陰性双球菌で、点状出血や紫斑を伴う髄膜炎と敗血症を起こします。緊急の抗生物質投与が必要で、接触者には予防投与が必要なことがあります。
D · Neisseria meningitidis