1公式と解法
感染管理と患者の安全
解き方
- すべての患者に標準予防策から始めます:手指衛生、予想される曝露に応じた個人防護具(PPE)、安全な鋭利器材の扱い。
- 経路に応じて予防策を追加します:接触(ガウン、手袋)、飛沫(サージカルマスク)、空気(N95、陰圧室)。
- 滅菌物は滅菌のまま保ちます:疑わしければ滅菌ではありません。拭かずに交換します。
- 環境内の害を防ぎます:転倒対策、身体拘束は最後の手段、火災には RACE と PASS。
- 与薬の権利、2つの識別子、ハイリスク薬の追加の安全対策を確認し、エラーやヒヤリハットを報告します。
2演習問題
1.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
An infant has had a cleft lip repair. Why are elbow restraints often used?
- ATo hold the IV line in place during feeds and stop it being pulled out
- BTo prevent the infant from sucking a pacifier
- CTo stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
- DTo keep the infant from rolling over in the crib
2.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
In a US hospital (CMS rules), a patient keeps pulling at an endotracheal tube, and alternatives have failed. The nurse applies wrist restraints in an emergency. What must happen next?
- AAsk the provider for a PRN restraint order to use as needed
- BKeep the restraints on without an order until the patient is calm
- CObtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
- DAsk the family to sign a consent form instead of an order
3.基礎看護学ふつう
What is the purpose of a negative-pressure isolation room?
- AThe low pressure kills bacteria inside the room
- BIt makes it easier for patients to breathe
- CAir flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
- DAir flows out of the room, keeping germs from the corridor away from the patient
4.基礎看護学むずかしい
A urine culture reports a mixed growth of several organisms. What is the most likely explanation?
- AThe laboratory used the wrong test
- BThe sample was contaminated during collection
- CThe patient is resistant to all antibiotics
- DThe patient has several serious infections at once
5.微生物学ふつう
高い接種率が、接種するには幼すぎる赤ちゃんも守るのはなぜですか?
- A接種した人が出会う全員に抗体を渡すから
- B感染をうつしうる人が減るので、感染が広がりにくくなるから
- Cワクチンが環境中の病原体を殺すから
- D赤ちゃんはワクチンで予防できるすべての病気に生まれつき免疫があるから
6.微生物学むずかしい
グラム陽性球菌が見つかりました。ブドウ球菌とレンサ球菌をすばやく区別する検査はどれですか?
- Aカタラーゼ試験
- B抗酸染色
- Cコアグラーゼ試験
- Dマッコンキー寒天培地での増殖
3溶液
1.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · To stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
これが答えになる理由
Elbow restraints keep the elbows straight so the infant cannot touch the suture line. They are removed regularly, one at a time, for skin checks and movement under supervision.
C · To stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
2.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
これが答えになる理由
Under US CMS rules, a nurse may apply a restraint first in an emergency, but an order from a licensed provider must be obtained promptly according to policy. PRN restraint orders are not allowed, and family consent does not replace an order. Other countries use different legal frameworks, but restraint is always a last resort that must be authorized, reviewed and documented.
C · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
3.基礎看護学
答え: C · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
これが答えになる理由
Negative pressure draws air into the room and out through filtered exhaust. It is used for airborne infections such as tuberculosis; positive pressure is used to protect patients with very weak immunity.
C · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
4.基礎看護学
答え: B · The sample was contaminated during collection
これが答えになる理由
A mixed growth usually means skin or perineal bacteria contaminated the sample. A clean-catch midstream sample, or a sample from the catheter sampling port, gives a more reliable result.
B · The sample was contaminated during collection
5.微生物学
答え: B · 感染をうつしうる人が減るので、感染が広がりにくくなるから
これが答えになる理由
十分な数の人が免疫を持つと伝播の連鎖が断たれ、病原体は幼い赤ちゃんや免疫抑制患者のような感受性のある人にほとんど届かなくなります。
B · 感染をうつしうる人が減るので、感染が広がりにくくなるから
6.微生物学
答え: A · カタラーゼ試験
これが答えになる理由
ブドウ球菌はカタラーゼを作り、過酸化水素を水と酸素の泡に分解しますが、レンサ球菌は作りません。その後、ブドウ球菌の中から S. aureus を同定するのにコアグラーゼ試験を使います。