1公式と解法
感染管理と患者の安全
解き方
- すべての患者に標準予防策から始めます:手指衛生、予想される曝露に応じた個人防護具(PPE)、安全な鋭利器材の扱い。
- 経路に応じて予防策を追加します:接触(ガウン、手袋)、飛沫(サージカルマスク)、空気(N95、陰圧室)。
- 滅菌物は滅菌のまま保ちます:疑わしければ滅菌ではありません。拭かずに交換します。
- 環境内の害を防ぎます:転倒対策、身体拘束は最後の手段、火災には RACE と PASS。
- 与薬の権利、2つの識別子、ハイリスク薬の追加の安全対策を確認し、エラーやヒヤリハットを報告します。
2演習問題
1.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A colleague has drawn up a medication and asks the nurse to give it to her patient. What should the nurse do?
- AGive it, because the colleague is experienced
- BGive it, as long as the syringe has a label with the drug name on it
- CGive it, and document that the colleague prepared it
- DDecline, and give only medications that the nurse prepared or checked personally
2.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Victims of a chemical spill arrive at the emergency department with liquid on their skin and clothing. What is the priority before they enter the building?
- ADecontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
- BTake a full history in the waiting room
- CTake them straight into the resuscitation room so treatment is not delayed
- DGive them hospital gowns and seat them in triage
3.基礎看護学ふつう
How is a 24-hour urine collection started?
- AThe first urine of the morning is discarded and the time noted, then all urine is kept
- BOnly urine passed at night is collected
- CThe first urine of the morning is kept and the rest of the day's urine is discarded
- DA sample is taken every four hours and the rest discarded
4.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient has been taught breathing exercises before surgery. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
- A"I'll take some slow deep breaths every hour."
- B"I'll hold a pillow over the wound when I cough."
- C"I'll avoid coughing so I don't hurt my stitches."
- D"I'll ask for pain relief if pain stops me breathing deeply."
5.微生物学ふつう
新しい感染で最初に上昇する抗体のクラスは?
- AIgA
- BIgG
- CIgM
- DIgE
6.微生物学むずかしい
尿検体から、マッコンキー寒天培地にピンク色のコロニーが生えました。これから何がわかりますか?
- Aその生物はおそらく乳糖を発酵するグラム陰性桿菌である
- Bその生物は乳糖を発酵しないので、おそらくサルモネラである
- Cその生物は真菌である
- Dその生物はグラム陽性球菌である
3溶液
1.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Decline, and give only medications that the nurse prepared or checked personally
これが答えになる理由
Nurses give only medicines they prepared themselves or verified fully, because they are accountable for what they give. A drug prepared by someone else may be wrong in ways the nurse cannot see.
D · Decline, and give only medications that the nurse prepared or checked personally
2.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
これが答えになる理由
Contaminated patients are decontaminated outside the department so the chemical is not brought inside to harm staff and other patients. Staff doing this wear PPE suited to the hazard.
A · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
3.基礎看護学
答え: A · The first urine of the morning is discarded and the time noted, then all urine is kept
これが答えになる理由
The patient empties the bladder at the start and that urine is discarded. All urine for the next 24 hours is kept, including a final void at the end time.
A · The first urine of the morning is discarded and the time noted, then all urine is kept
4.基礎看護学
答え: C · "I'll avoid coughing so I don't hurt my stitches."
これが答えになる理由
Avoiding coughing lets secretions collect and raises the risk of chest infection. Splinting the wound, deep breathing and good pain control are correct.
C · "I'll avoid coughing so I don't hurt my stitches."
5.微生物学
答え: C · IgM
これが答えになる理由
一次応答では IgM が最初に現れ、続いて IgG が出て長期的な防御を担います。そのため IgM 陽性は最近の感染を示唆します。
6.微生物学
答え: A · その生物はおそらく乳糖を発酵するグラム陰性桿菌である
これが答えになる理由
マッコンキー寒天培地は、グラム陽性菌を抑える胆汁酸塩とクリスタルバイオレット(選択性)、乳糖と pH 指示薬(鑑別性)を含みます。E. coli のような乳糖発酵菌は酸を作ってピンク色になります。
A · その生物はおそらく乳糖を発酵するグラム陰性桿菌である