Why is an ACE inhibitor often given to a patient with diabetes and albumin in the urine?
AIt lowers the blood glucose to normal
BIt protects the kidneys and reduces albumin loss
CIt raises potassium to protect the heart
DIt stops the kidneys from passing so much urine at night
4.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient's glucose is 6.2 mmol/L (112 mg/dL) at 03:00 and 12 mmol/L (216 mg/dL) before breakfast. No hypoglycaemia occurred overnight. What is the most likely explanation?
AThe Somogyi effect from a night-time hypo
BThe dawn phenomenon from early-morning hormones
CThe meter is faulty and should be replaced
DA large snack eaten in the night by mistake
5.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Before an anti-TNF biologic such as infliximab is started for Crohn's disease, which screening is essential?
AScreening for tuberculosis
BA test for coeliac disease
CA test of colour vision
DA bone density scan
6.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient on immunotherapy for melanoma has six watery stools a day and abdominal cramps. What should the nurse do?
AAdvise eating more fibre and fruit to firm up the stools
BEscalate urgently, as immune-related colitis is likely
CGive loperamide and review next week
DReassure that diarrhoea is normal and harmless
7.臨床看護学ふつう
患者の NEWS2 スコアが 7 に上がりました。適切な対応は?
Aスコアを記録し、観察を増やして、朝の回診を待つ
B鎮静薬を与えて後で再確認する
C12 時間ごとの観察を続ける
D集中治療の技能を持つ臨床チームによる緊急評価
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
In a patient with a head injury, which is usually the earliest sign of rising intracranial pressure?
答え: B · It protects the kidneys and reduces albumin loss
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors and ARBs reduce glomerular pressure, lower albuminuria and slow the progression of diabetic kidney disease, as well as treating blood pressure. Potassium and creatinine are checked after starting them.
答え
B · It protects the kidneys and reduces albumin loss
4.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · The dawn phenomenon from early-morning hormones
これが答えになる理由
In the dawn phenomenon, cortisol and growth hormone rise in the early morning and push glucose up without a preceding hypo. A night-time hypo followed by rebound hyperglycaemia would suggest the Somogyi effect. The prescriber can adjust the insulin regimen.
答え
B · The dawn phenomenon from early-morning hormones
5.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Screening for tuberculosis
これが答えになる理由
Anti-TNF drugs suppress immunity and can reactivate latent tuberculosis. Patients are screened for TB and hepatitis B before starting and are taught to report signs of infection.
答え
A · Screening for tuberculosis
6.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Escalate urgently, as immune-related colitis is likely
これが答えになる理由
Severe diarrhoea on checkpoint inhibitors suggests immune-mediated colitis, which can perforate. It needs urgent assessment, infection testing and often high-dose steroids, not only antidiarrhoeals.
答え
B · Escalate urgently, as immune-related colitis is likely
Subtle changes in consciousness, such as restlessness, confusion or a falling GCS, are often the first signs. Pupil changes and Cushing's triad (hypertension, bradycardia, irregular breathing) are late signs.
答え: A · “I will soak my feet in hot water every evening.”
これが答えになる理由
Neuropathy can stop the patient feeling heat, so hot soaks can cause burns, and long soaking dries the skin. Daily checks, careful drying and well-fitting shoes are correct.
答え
A · “I will soak my feet in hot water every evening.”