What is the main difference between CPAP and bilevel NIV (often called BiPAP)?
ABilevel NIV adds a higher inspiratory pressure, helping remove CO₂
BCPAP is mainly used to lower a raised PaCO₂ in COPD exacerbations
CBilevel NIV gives oxygen only, without any positive airway pressure
DCPAP is given only through a tracheostomy
2.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on spironolactone and an ACE inhibitor has a potassium of 6.8 mmol/L (6.8 mEq/L) with peaked T waves. What is usually given first to protect the heart?
AIntravenous calcium gluconate or chloride
BAn IV furosemide bolus as the only treatment
CA dose of digoxin
DOral potassium supplements
3.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why should long-term steroid treatment not be stopped suddenly?
AStopping causes the blood glucose to fall sharply
BThe steroids build up and become toxic after they are stopped
CThe suppressed adrenal glands cannot make enough cortisol at once
DStopping suddenly makes the bones grow too quickly and then fracture
4.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with CKD has a high phosphate, a low calcium and a high PTH. What does this show?
AToo much vitamin D from supplements
BPrimary hyperparathyroidism from a tumour
CSecondary hyperparathyroidism from CKD
DHypoparathyroidism after neck surgery
5.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which rule about the sterile field is correct?
AA sterile pack stays sterile even when it is wet
BIf sterility is in doubt, the item is treated as contaminated
CThe area below a gowned person's waist is sterile
DSterile items can be passed across a non-sterile area freely
6.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Using the adult rule of nines, what is the total burn area of the whole right arm plus the whole front of the trunk (both with partial-thickness burns)?
A36%
B18%
C27%
D45%
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A nurse finds a patient lying on the floor beside the bed. What should be done first?
ALift the patient straight back into bed so they are comfortable
BPhone the patient's family
CComplete the incident report form
DCheck the patient for injuries before moving them
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Why should chronic hypernatraemia be corrected gradually?
ALowering the sodium too fast can cause cerebral oedema
BSlow correction is only needed in children
CFast correction causes severe hyperkalaemia
DFast correction causes osmotic demyelination from swelling of the kidneys
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
How should a patient collect a clean-catch midstream urine sample?
AClean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
BFill the cup completely, then add tap water if there is not enough
CCollect the very first urine of the stream directly in the sterile cup
DCollect urine from the toilet bowl after voiding into the toilet
Using the Emergency Severity Index, which level fits a 70-year-old with chest pressure that suggests a heart attack, but normal vital signs?
ALevel 2
BLevel 5
CLevel 1
DLevel 4
16.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient is admitted with inhalational anthrax. Which precautions are needed?
AStandard precautions, because it does not usually spread from person to person
BDroplet precautions with a surgical mask for everyone who enters
CFull contact and droplet precautions for all staff and visitors on the unit
DAirborne precautions in a negative-pressure room for the whole of the hospital stay
3溶液
1.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Bilevel NIV adds a higher inspiratory pressure, helping remove CO₂
これが答えになる理由
CPAP gives one continuous pressure that splints the airways and alveoli open, improving oxygenation (for example in pulmonary oedema or OSA). Bilevel NIV adds a higher inspiratory pressure that supports ventilation, so it is used for hypercapnic respiratory failure such as COPD exacerbations.
答え
A · Bilevel NIV adds a higher inspiratory pressure, helping remove CO₂
2.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Intravenous calcium gluconate or chloride
これが答えになる理由
Severe hyperkalaemia with ECG changes is an emergency. IV calcium stabilises the myocardium within minutes. Insulin with glucose and nebulised salbutamol shift potassium into cells, and the cause (here spironolactone and the ACE inhibitor) is stopped. Cardiac monitoring is essential.
答え
A · Intravenous calcium gluconate or chloride
3.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · The suppressed adrenal glands cannot make enough cortisol at once
これが答えになる理由
Long-term glucocorticoids suppress ACTH, and the adrenal glands shrink. Stopping abruptly can cause adrenal insufficiency or crisis. Doses are reduced gradually so the glands can recover.
答え
C · The suppressed adrenal glands cannot make enough cortisol at once
4.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Secondary hyperparathyroidism from CKD
これが答えになる理由
In CKD, phosphate retention and low active vitamin D lower calcium, so the parathyroid glands release more PTH. This secondary hyperparathyroidism weakens bone. Treatment includes phosphate control, vitamin D and sometimes calcimimetics.
答え
C · Secondary hyperparathyroidism from CKD
5.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · If sterility is in doubt, the item is treated as contaminated
これが答えになる理由
Sterile technique treats any doubtful item as contaminated. A gown is sterile only from chest to waist in front, and wet packaging can let microorganisms through.
答え
B · If sterility is in doubt, the item is treated as contaminated
6.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · 27%
これが答えになる理由
The whole arm is 9% and the front of the trunk 18%, giving 27% total body surface area. Superficial (redness only) areas would not be counted.
答え
C · 27%
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Check the patient for injuries before moving them
これが答えになる理由
After a fall, the patient is assessed first, including airway, breathing, circulation, head injury and possible fractures, before deciding how to move them safely. The fall is then reported and the care plan reviewed.
答え
D · Check the patient for injuries before moving them
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Lowering the sodium too fast can cause cerebral oedema
これが答えになる理由
In chronic hypernatraemia, brain cells adapt by holding extra solutes. If sodium falls too quickly, water moves into brain cells and causes cerebral oedema, so correction is controlled.
答え
A · Lowering the sodium too fast can cause cerebral oedema
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Clean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
これが答えになる理由
Cleaning the urethral area and discarding the first part of the stream reduce contamination from skin and urethral bacteria. The inside of the sterile container must not be touched, and the sample should reach the laboratory promptly.確認に用いた資料:Clean catch urine sample · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
A · Clean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
Possible acute coronary syndrome is a high-risk situation, so the patient is ESI level 2 and should be seen very soon. Level 1 is kept for patients who need an immediate life-saving intervention.
答え
A · Level 2
16.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Standard precautions, because it does not usually spread from person to person
これが答えになる理由
Inhalational anthrax is not spread from person to person, so standard precautions are used. Contact precautions may be added for skin (cutaneous) anthrax with draining lesions.
答え
A · Standard precautions, because it does not usually spread from person to person