After an acute coronary syndrome, a patient with a normal cholesterol level is prescribed a high-intensity statin. Why?
AStatins reduce further events whatever the starting cholesterol
BStatins are needed only if the cholesterol level is very high
CStatins work as painkillers for chest pain
DStatins are given after an ACS mainly to lower the blood pressure
2.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A 25-year-old non-smoker has wheeze and cough that come and go, worse at night and after exercise. Spirometry improves markedly after a bronchodilator. Which diagnosis is most likely?
ACOPD
BAsthma
CHeart failure
DIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
3.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with a new ileal conduit has threads of mucus in their urine. What should the nurse explain?
AThis is a sign that the stoma is dying
BThe kidneys have stopped working properly after surgery
CThis is normal, because the conduit is made from bowel
DThis proves a serious kidney infection
4.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with untreated end-stage kidney disease has chest pain that is worse lying flat and better sitting forward. A rub is heard over the heart. What is most likely?
AIndigestion from phosphate binders
BA rib fracture from coughing
CUraemic pericarditis, which usually needs urgent dialysis
DA stable angina attack, which needs only a nitrate spray and rest
5.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
After laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a patient has pain in the right shoulder. What is the most likely cause?
AAn allergy to the dressing on the wound
BGas used during surgery irritating the diaphragm
CA heart attack during the operation
DA dislocated shoulder from patient positioning
6.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
An immobile patient on opioids drinks very little. Which laxative choice is least appropriate?
AAn osmotic laxative such as a macrogol
BA stimulant laxative taken regularly
CA stool softener with a stimulant laxative
DA bulk-forming laxative used on its own
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient is prescribed two different eye drops at the same time. What is correct?
AGive one drop now and the other the next day
BWait about five minutes between the two drops
CGive both drops at once into the same eye
DMix the two drops in one bottle
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
How should pain be assessed in a patient with advanced dementia who cannot describe it?
ABy checking the blood pressure only
BWith an observational pain tool that scores facial expression, behaviour and body language
CBy assuming the patient has no pain unless they are crying out or calling for help
DBy asking the patient to rate their pain on a numerical scale from 0 to 10
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
低カルシウム血症に関連する心電図の変化はどれですか?
AQT 間隔の延長
B尖って高い T 波
C目立つデルタ波
DQT 間隔の短縮
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with sepsis has the following new results. Which set best shows organ dysfunction?
AWBC 11.5 × 10³/µL, potassium 4.2 mEq/L, albumin 3.8 g/dL
A nurse teaches foot care to a patient with diabetes. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will check the soles of my feet every day with a mirror.”
B“I will dry well between my toes after washing.”
C“I will soak my feet in hot water every evening.”
D“I will wear shoes that fit well, even at home.”
16.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient on a cardiac monitor suddenly becomes unresponsive, and the monitor shows ventricular fibrillation. What is the priority once help has been called?
AGive an oral antiarrhythmic tablet and recheck the rhythm in five minutes
BDefibrillate as soon as the defibrillator is available, with CPR until then
CCheck the blood potassium level before any shock is considered
DRecord a full 12-lead ECG to confirm the rhythm before doing anything else at all
3溶液
1.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Statins reduce further events whatever the starting cholesterol
これが答えになる理由
After ACS, high-intensity statin therapy reduces recurrent MI, stroke and death regardless of baseline cholesterol, partly by stabilising plaques. It is part of standard secondary prevention with antiplatelets, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors and lifestyle change.
答え
A · Statins reduce further events whatever the starting cholesterol
2.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Asthma
これが答えになる理由
Asthma typically causes variable symptoms with reversible airflow obstruction. COPD usually affects older people with a smoking history and causes persistent, poorly reversible obstruction. Fibrosis gives a restrictive pattern.
答え
B · Asthma
3.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · This is normal, because the conduit is made from bowel
これが答えになる理由
An ileal conduit uses a piece of small bowel, which keeps making mucus. Mucus in the urine is expected. Good fluid intake helps keep it moving. Fever, cloudy foul urine or a change in stoma colour should be reported.
答え
C · This is normal, because the conduit is made from bowel
4.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Uraemic pericarditis, which usually needs urgent dialysis
これが答えになる理由
Uraemic toxins can cause pericarditis, with positional chest pain and a friction rub. It is an indication for urgent dialysis and can lead to a pericardial effusion and tamponade.
答え
C · Uraemic pericarditis, which usually needs urgent dialysis
5.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Gas used during surgery irritating the diaphragm
これが答えになる理由
Carbon dioxide used to inflate the abdomen irritates the diaphragm, causing referred shoulder-tip pain. It usually settles within a few days; walking and simple analgesia help.
答え
B · Gas used during surgery irritating the diaphragm
6.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · A bulk-forming laxative used on its own
これが答えになる理由
Bulk-forming laxatives need good fluid intake and mobility and can worsen constipation or cause obstruction without them. They do not counter the effect of opioids on gut movement, so stimulant or osmotic laxatives are preferred.
答え
D · A bulk-forming laxative used on its own
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Wait about five minutes between the two drops
これが答えになる理由
Leaving a few minutes between different drops lets each one be absorbed. Gentle pressure on the inner corner of the eye can also reduce systemic absorption.
答え
B · Wait about five minutes between the two drops
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · With an observational pain tool that scores facial expression, behaviour and body language
これが答えになる理由
Observational tools such as PAINAD or the Abbey Pain Scale help assess pain in people who cannot self-report. Family and carers can describe changes in usual behaviour.
答え
B · With an observational pain tool that scores facial expression, behaviour and body language
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · QT 間隔の延長
これが答えになる理由
低カルシウムは QT 間隔を延長させ、危険な不整脈につながることがあります。高カルシウムは QT 間隔を短縮し、尖った T 波は高カリウム血症に典型的です。
In sepsis, falling platelets (coagulation), a rising creatinine (kidney) and a raised bilirubin (liver) show organ dysfunction, which indicates severe disease. The other sets are normal or near normal.
答え
B · Platelets 70 × 10³/µL, creatinine doubled, bilirubin raised
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 44 個、1500 ÷ 44 ≈ 34 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.76 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.88 秒、68 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.16 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.06 秒で幅が狭い(0.12 秒未満)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
15.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · “I will soak my feet in hot water every evening.”
これが答えになる理由
Neuropathy can stop the patient feeling heat, so hot soaks can cause burns, and long soaking dries the skin. Daily checks, careful drying and well-fitting shoes are correct.
答え
C · “I will soak my feet in hot water every evening.”
16.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Defibrillate as soon as the defibrillator is available, with CPR until then
これが答えになる理由
Ventricular fibrillation is a shockable cardiac arrest rhythm. Early defibrillation, with high-quality CPR until the shock is given, is the most important treatment.
答え
B · Defibrillate as soon as the defibrillator is available, with CPR until then