Why is blood lactate measured when sepsis is suspected?
AA raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
BIt replaces the need for blood cultures
CIt measures the effect of antibiotics on the kidney
DIt shows which bacteria are causing the infection
6.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
急性膵炎の最初の数時間に、一般に推奨される輸液戦略はどれですか?
A反応に基づく、目標指向型の平衡晶質液
B静注輸液はまったく行わず、少量の経口の水を飲むだけ
C患者の反応にかかわらず、非常に大量
D晶質液の代わりに、静注アルブミンのみ
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A very anxious patient breathes rapidly for a long period. Which change is expected?
AMetabolic acidosis from a low bicarbonate
BRespiratory alkalosis from a low PaCO2
CMetabolic alkalosis from vomiting
DRespiratory acidosis from a high PaCO2
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with lung cancer develops swelling of the face and arms, distended neck veins and breathlessness that is worse lying down. What should be suspected?
ARight-sided heart failure from valve disease
BAn allergic reaction to food
CSuperior vena cava obstruction
DHypothyroidism
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with sepsis has a lactate of 2.1 mmol/L on admission and 4.3 mmol/L two hours later, despite IV fluids. What does this suggest?
AWorsening tissue perfusion that needs urgent reporting
BImproving circulation as the fluids start to work
CA normal response to IV fluids in the first hours
DExpected muscle activity from shivering in fever
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient's bedside glucose meter shows "HI" (above its measuring range). The patient is drowsy. What should the nurse do?
AGive oral glucose in case the reading is wrong and the patient is low
BAssume the meter is broken and give the usual insulin dose
CSend a venous sample to the lab and inform the provider at once
DRecord "HI" and repeat the meter test at the next scheduled time
答え: A · It suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
これが答えになる理由
When tissues are poorly perfused, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism and produce lactate. A raised lactate is a marker of tissue hypoperfusion and severity in sepsis and shock. Repeated measurements show whether treatment is working.
答え
A · It suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist. It retains potassium, so hyperkalaemia can develop, especially with kidney disease or ACE inhibitors. Breast enlargement is another known side effect.
答え: A · A raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
これが答えになる理由
A high lactate signals tissue hypoperfusion and higher risk of death in sepsis. It helps guide fluid resuscitation and escalation, and it is repeated to check the response.
Hyperventilation blows off CO2, raising the pH. Symptoms can include tingling of the lips and fingers and lightheadedness.
答え
B · Respiratory alkalosis from a low PaCO2
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Superior vena cava obstruction
これが答えになる理由
Superior vena cava obstruction prevents venous drainage from the head and arms. It is an oncological emergency; patients are positioned upright and need urgent specialist treatment.
答え
C · Superior vena cava obstruction
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Worsening tissue perfusion that needs urgent reporting
これが答えになる理由
A rising lactate despite fluids suggests ongoing tissue hypoperfusion and worsening sepsis or septic shock. The nurse reports it at once; further fluids, vasopressors and source control may be needed, and lactate is remeasured.確認に用いた資料:Lactate Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Septic shock · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Worsening tissue perfusion that needs urgent reporting
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Send a venous sample to the lab and inform the provider at once
これが答えになる理由
"HI" means the glucose exceeds the meter's range, so the true value is unknown and may be very high, as in DKA or HHS. A laboratory sample is sent, the provider is informed promptly, and the patient is assessed for dehydration and ketones.確認に用いた資料:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Diabetic ketoacidosis - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Send a venous sample to the lab and inform the provider at once