A patient is receiving a blood transfusion. Which task can the nurse delegate to a nursing assistant?
AStarting the transfusion once the blood arrives
BAssessing the patient for signs of a transfusion reaction
CMeasuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
DDeciding whether to stop the transfusion if the patient has chills
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient has a potassium of 7.0 mEq/L with peaked T waves. Several drugs are prescribed. Which one is usually given first to protect the heart?
AIV furosemide
BIV calcium gluconate
COral sodium bicarbonate
DOral potassium binder
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Compared with a colostomy, a patient with an ileostomy is at greater risk of:
AUrinary retention
BHard stools, straining and constipation from slow transit
CDehydration and electrolyte loss from liquid output
DLow blood glucose after meals
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
An older patient's blood pressure is 142/80 mmHg lying and 116/72 mmHg after standing for three minutes, and they feel dizzy. What does this show?
ANormal blood pressure variation
BWhite coat hypertension
CPostural hypotension
DHypertensive emergency
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
During a red cell transfusion, when are serious acute reactions most likely, so the nurse stays with the patient?
AAfter the last drop is given
BAfter about 2 hours
CIn the first 15 minutes
DThe next morning
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient on lithium has had vomiting and diarrhea for 3 days and has been taking ibuprofen. They now have a coarse tremor and confusion. The lithium level is 2.2 mEq/L. What is the best interpretation and action?
AIbuprofen side effects only; give it with food
BA low level; ask for the lithium dose to be raised
CLithium toxicity; hold lithium and report urgently
DA normal level; continue lithium as prescribed
11.薬理学ふつう
スタチンの重大だがまれな副作用で、患者がすぐに報告すべきものはどれですか?
A足首のむくみ
B金属のような味
C原因のわからない筋肉の痛みや脱力
D空咳
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient taking furosemide has a serum potassium of 2.9 mmol/L (mEq/L). Which ECG change is typical of this level?
AFlattened T waves and prominent U waves
BTall, peaked T waves
CWidened QRS with a sine-wave pattern
DA short QT interval with high R waves
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
患者が咳をしていないときでも、胸腔ドレーンの水封室で泡立ちが続いています。これは何を示唆しますか?
Aチューブ内の血栓でドレーンが閉塞している
B吸引源の電源が切られている
C肺またはドレナージシステムからの空気漏れ
D肺が完全に再膨張し、ドレーンを抜去する準備ができている
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with a confirmed type A aortic dissection is hypertensive and tachycardic while awaiting surgery. Which drug class is usually given first to lower the heart rate and blood pressure?
AAn intravenous thrombolytic
BAn intravenous beta-blocker
COral aspirin
DAn intravenous fluid bolus
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient has radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism. Which advice is correct?
ALimit close contact with children and pregnant women for a time
BThere are no precautions, because the dose is tiny
CStart breastfeeding again the next day
DStay in strict isolation in hospital for several months
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with lung cancer is confused, dehydrated and constipated, with a corrected calcium of 3.4 mmol/L (about 13.6 mg/dL). What is usually the first treatment?
AIV calcium gluconate and vitamin D
BOral calcium tablets
CA fluid restriction
DIV fluids to rehydrate the patient
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why is it important to prevent perioperative hypothermia?
AIt makes patients wake up from the anaesthetic too quickly
BIt reduces the amount of anaesthetic needed, which is unsafe
CIt lowers the risk of pain after surgery
DIt increases bleeding, wound infection and heart complications
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
On day 5 after bowel resection, a patient has a fever, tachycardia and worsening abdominal pain, and the drain contains brown, faeculent fluid. What is most likely?
AA normal day 5 recovery
BPostoperative constipation
CAn anastomotic leak
DA urinary tract infection
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which statement describes the "4 Ts" causes of postpartum haemorrhage?
ATrauma, tension, temperature and thrombosis
BTone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
CTone, tachycardia, transfusion and tissue
DTemperature, tachycardia, tears and time
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A mother on day 1 is quiet, lets the nurse change the baby and talks repeatedly about the birth. How should the nurse interpret this?
ANormal taking-in behaviour
BSigns of postpartum psychosis
CRejection of the baby
DNormal letting-go behaviour
21.小児看護ふつう
Which daily monitoring is most useful for a child with nephrotic syndrome?
ABlood glucose before and after every meal
BWeight and urine dipstick for protein
CPeak flow and oxygen saturation every morning
DHead circumference and fontanelle tension
22.小児看護むずかしい
Which long-term problems should be monitored in a child with a repaired cleft palate?
AGrowth hormone levels and puberty timing
BBone density and fracture risk in the teenage years
CKidney function and blood pressure
DMiddle ear infections, hearing, speech and teeth
23.精神看護ふつう
A woman with advanced dementia keeps asking for her mother, who died many years ago. Which response is most appropriate?
A"Please stop asking about her now and finish your lunch before it gets cold."
B"Your mother will visit you later this afternoon."
C"Your mother died 30 years ago. You know that."
D"You're thinking about your mother. Tell me about her."
Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.
答え: C · Measuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
これが答えになる理由
An assistant can measure vital signs and report them. Assessing for a reaction, starting the transfusion and deciding to stop it need the nurse’s judgement.
答え
C · Measuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · IV calcium gluconate
これが答えになる理由
IV calcium stabilizes the cardiac cell membranes within minutes and is given first when hyperkalemia changes the ECG. Insulin with glucose, binders and diuretics then lower the potassium.
答え
B · IV calcium gluconate
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Dehydration and electrolyte loss from liquid output
これが答えになる理由
Ileostomy output is liquid because it bypasses the colon, which normally absorbs water and salts. Patients must drink enough and watch for signs of dehydration, especially in hot weather or illness.
答え
C · Dehydration and electrolyte loss from liquid output
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Postural hypotension
これが答えになる理由
A fall in systolic pressure of 20 mmHg or more (here 26 mmHg) on standing, especially with symptoms, indicates postural hypotension. Causes include medicines, dehydration and autonomic problems.
答え
C · Postural hypotension
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · In the first 15 minutes
これが答えになる理由
Acute hemolytic and anaphylactic reactions usually appear early, so the transfusion is started slowly and the nurse stays with the patient for about the first 15 minutes, checking vital signs before, during and after according to policy.
答え
C · In the first 15 minutes
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Lithium toxicity; hold lithium and report urgently
これが答えになる理由
A level of 2.2 mEq/L with coarse tremor and confusion is lithium toxicity. Fluid loss and NSAIDs both reduce lithium excretion by the kidneys. The dose is held, the provider is informed at once, and fluids and close monitoring are expected; severe cases may need dialysis.
答え
C · Lithium toxicity; hold lithium and report urgently
Hypokalaemia causes flat T waves, ST depression and U waves, and it increases the risk of arrhythmias. Peaked T waves and wide QRS complexes are signs of hyperkalaemia.
In acute dissection, IV beta-blockers are usually given first to reduce heart rate and the rate of rise of pressure, limiting extension of the tear. Vasodilators may follow once the heart rate is controlled. Antiplatelets, anticoagulants and thrombolytics are avoided. Type A dissection needs urgent surgery.
答え
B · An intravenous beta-blocker
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Limit close contact with children and pregnant women for a time
これが答えになる理由
After radioiodine, patients are advised to limit close and prolonged contact, especially with young children and pregnant women, for a period set by the department. It is contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding.
答え
A · Limit close contact with children and pregnant women for a time
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · IV fluids to rehydrate the patient
これが答えになる理由
Hypercalcaemia causes polyuria and dehydration, which worsen the high calcium. IV fluids are the first step, followed by a bisphosphonate to reduce bone resorption. Calcium is rechecked regularly.
答え
D · IV fluids to rehydrate the patient
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · It increases bleeding, wound infection and heart complications
これが答えになる理由
Even mild hypothermia impairs clotting, increases surgical site infection and cardiac events, and causes shivering and discomfort. Forced-air warming, warmed fluids and covering the patient help prevent it.
答え
D · It increases bleeding, wound infection and heart complications
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · An anastomotic leak
これが答えになる理由
Leakage at the join in the bowel causes peritonitis and sepsis, usually a few days after surgery. Faeculent drain fluid makes it very likely. It needs urgent surgical review, sepsis care and often return to theatre.
答え
C · An anastomotic leak
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Tone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
これが答えになる理由
The 4 Ts are tone (atony), trauma (tears, haematomas, rupture), tissue (retained placenta or clots) and thrombin (clotting disorders). Tone is the most common cause.
答え
B · Tone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Normal taking-in behaviour
これが答えになる理由
In the first day or two, dependence, passivity and retelling the birth story are typical of the taking-in phase. The nurse supports rest and comfort and reassesses bonding later.
答え
A · Normal taking-in behaviour
21.小児看護
答え: B · Weight and urine dipstick for protein
これが答えになる理由
Daily weights show changes in fluid retention, and urine dipsticks show whether protein loss is improving or relapsing. Abdominal girth and blood pressure are also often monitored.
答え
B · Weight and urine dipstick for protein
22.小児看護
答え: D · Middle ear infections, hearing, speech and teeth
これが答えになる理由
Children with cleft palate often have middle ear effusions and hearing loss because of Eustachian tube dysfunction, and may need speech therapy and orthodontic or dental care. A multidisciplinary cleft team follows them through childhood.
答え
D · Middle ear infections, hearing, speech and teeth
23.精神看護
答え: D · "You're thinking about your mother. Tell me about her."
これが答えになる理由
In advanced dementia, repeatedly correcting the facts can cause fresh grief each time. Validation responds to the feelings and need behind the words, such as comfort or security, without lying.
答え
D · "You're thinking about your mother. Tell me about her."
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