A patient with a leg injury is climbing stairs with crutches. Which leg should go up first?
AThe crutches always go first
BThe injured leg
CBoth legs together
DThe unaffected leg
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Why is the level of sedation a useful early warning in a patient on opioids?
ASedation means the opioid dose is too low
BIncreasing sedation usually comes before respiratory depression
CSedation shows that the pain has completely gone and the dose is right
DSedation only occurs after the breathing has stopped
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Why are some patients screened with a nasal swab for MRSA on admission?
ATo measure the patient’s immunity to MRSA
BTo check whether the patient is allergic to penicillin before surgery
CTo find carriers so precautions or decolonization can be used
DTo diagnose a sinus infection
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient with active pulmonary tuberculosis who is going home on treatment. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I can stop taking the pills once I feel better.”
B“I will need to take my medicines for several months.”
C“I will cover my mouth with a tissue when I cough.”
D“I will come back for sputum tests as planned.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient is in skeletal traction. Which finding needs the nurse to act?
AThe patient’s body is in line with the traction
BThe ropes are in the pulleys
CThe weights are resting on the floor
DThe weights are hanging freely
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
An older patient with heart failure is receiving a second unit of blood. She becomes breathless, with crackles in both lungs and a rising blood pressure. What is most likely happening?
AHypoglycemia caused by the stored blood product
BA mild allergic reaction with hives
CAn expected effect of the first unit
DTransfusion-associated circulatory overload
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which advice should be given to a patient with a new permanent pacemaker?
ANever raise the arm on that side again
BStop all heart medicines straight away
CAvoid using all household electrical appliances such as kettles
DTell staff about the pacemaker before any MRI scan or procedure
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Why must blood samples for a cross-match be labelled at the bedside immediately after they are taken?
ATo let the patient sign the label
BTo keep the sample warm so the cells do not break down in transit
CTo speed up the laboratory's computer system and reduce the waiting time
DTo prevent "wrong blood in tube" errors that can cause fatal reactions
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient who is breathless during a transfusion has hypotension, fever and bilateral lung infiltrates, with no signs of fluid overload. Which complication is most likely?
ATransfusion-associated circulatory overload
BA mild febrile nonhemolytic reaction
CTransfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
DA simple allergic reaction with hives
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has taken metformin for 8 years and now has numbness in the feet, a hemoglobin of 10.2 g/dL (102 g/L) and an MCV of 108 fL. Which deficiency is most likely?
AVitamin B12 deficiency
BIron deficiency from gut loss
CVitamin D (calciferol) deficiency
DVitamin K deficiency
11.薬理学ふつう
A woman taking the combined pill should seek care urgently for which symptom?
AMild breast tenderness in the first month
BSlight nausea in the first few weeks
CLight spotting between periods early on
DA painful, swollen calf or sudden chest pain
12.薬理学むずかしい
A woman with chronic hypertension who takes lisinopril is now pregnant. What is the key concern?
AACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
BLisinopril has no known fetal effects and should be continued
CAll antihypertensives must be stopped in pregnancy
DLisinopril works better in pregnancy, so the dose should be increased
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Which ECG change is classically linked with hyperkalaemia?
AProminent U waves
BTall, peaked T waves
CA sawtooth baseline
DDelta waves before the QRS
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
During a cardiac arrest, the monitor shows an organised rhythm, but there is no pulse. What should the team do?
ADeliver an unsynchronised shock at once and then check the pulse
BGive adenosine to slow the rhythm down
CContinue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
DStop CPR, because an organised rhythm on the monitor means recovery
A patient with advanced cancer who has capacity decides to stop chemotherapy. The family insists that treatment must continue. What should the nurse do?
ATell the patient that stopping is not allowed
BContinue treatment because the family has asked for it
CAsk the family to sign a new consent form
DSupport the patient's decision and help the team talk with the family
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Why is it important to do newborn bloodspot screening at the recommended time rather than in the first hours?
ASome results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
BThe baby's blood cannot be sampled before day 3
CEarlier testing always gives false negatives for all conditions
DThe heel cannot be pricked until the cord falls off
A child's asthma action plan shows he is in the yellow zone. What should he do?
AStop all medicines and wait to see if the symptoms pass
BUse the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
CGo straight to the emergency department without using any medicine first
DDouble the preventer dose and do nothing else
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 5-year-old with leukaemia tells the nurse she is ill because she was naughty. What is the best response?
AAgree that being good may help her get better faster
BReassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
CExplain the cell biology of leukaemia to her in detail
DIgnore the remark, as she is too young to understand
23.精神看護ふつう
A veteran with PTSD sits with his back to the wall, scans the room constantly and jumps at every door slam. Which symptom group do these behaviours belong to?
AIntrusion symptoms
BAvoidance
CChanges in arousal and reactivity
DDissociative amnesia for the trauma
24.精神看護むずかしい
The daughter of a man with moderate dementia says she is exhausted, is not sleeping and feels guilty for getting angry with him. What is the most helpful nursing response?
AAdvise her to take on more responsibility for his care so that she feels less guilty
BSuggest that she stops visiting him for a few months so that she can rest and forget about her guilt
CTell her that good daughters do not get angry with their parents
DAcknowledge her strain and discuss support such as respite care and carers' groups
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 25.254 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
25.254 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者が1勤務帯の間に 1 tsp / 咳止めシロップ, 3 カップ / お茶, ½ tbsp / 液体サプリメント, 8 fl oz / ジュース を摂取しました。与えられた換算値を使って、経口摂取量の合計 V を mL で求めてください。
1 tsp = 5 mL1 カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 16 kg の子どもに、7.5 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 25 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
16 kg7.5 mg/kg25 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
体重 14 kg の子どもに、5 mL 中に 125 mg を含む経口懸濁液が一回 10 mg/kg で処方されています。与える量 V はいくらですか?
14 kg10 mg/kg125 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
20 滴/mL の輸液セットで 1500 mL を 10 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
1500 mL10 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグは 50 mL 中に薬を 200 mg 含み、10 mL/h で投与されています。患者が受け取るのは 1 時間あたり何 mg D ですか?
200 mg/50 mL10 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
Going up, the strong leg steps first and lifts the body, followed by the crutches and the injured leg. Going down, the crutches and injured leg go first.
答え
D · The unaffected leg
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Increasing sedation usually comes before respiratory depression
これが答えになる理由
Patients usually become drowsy before their breathing slows dangerously. Checking sedation with a simple scale alongside respiratory rate allows early action.
答え
B · Increasing sedation usually comes before respiratory depression
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · To find carriers so precautions or decolonization can be used
これが答えになる理由
Screening identifies people who are colonized with MRSA, often in the nose. Precautions and, in some cases, decolonization reduce spread and the risk of the patient’s own infection after surgery.
答え
C · To find carriers so precautions or decolonization can be used
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · “I can stop taking the pills once I feel better.”
これが答えになる理由
TB treatment lasts several months, and stopping when symptoms improve can lead to relapse and drug-resistant TB. Covering coughs and attending follow-up for sputum tests are correct.
答え
A · “I can stop taking the pills once I feel better.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · The weights are resting on the floor
これが答えになる理由
Traction weights must hang freely to keep a constant pull. Weights resting on the floor stop the traction working; they are never removed without a prescription.
答え
C · The weights are resting on the floor
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Transfusion-associated circulatory overload
これが答えになる理由
Breathlessness, crackles and hypertension during a transfusion in a patient with heart failure suggest circulatory overload. The nurse stops the transfusion, sits the patient up, gives oxygen as prescribed and informs the provider, who may prescribe a diuretic.
答え
D · Transfusion-associated circulatory overload
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Tell staff about the pacemaker before any MRI scan or procedure
これが答えになる理由
Patients carry a device card and tell staff before MRI, surgery with diathermy or similar procedures. Arm movement on the pacemaker side is limited only for a short period after insertion.
答え
D · Tell staff about the pacemaker before any MRI scan or procedure
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · To prevent "wrong blood in tube" errors that can cause fatal reactions
これが答えになる理由
A sample labelled with the wrong patient's details can lead to incompatible blood being issued. Labelling at the bedside after positive identification is a key transfusion safety step.
答え
D · To prevent "wrong blood in tube" errors that can cause fatal reactions
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
これが答えになる理由
TRALI is acute lung injury within 6 hours of transfusion, caused by donor antibodies activating neutrophils in the lungs. It causes hypoxia, bilateral infiltrates and often hypotension and fever. TACO, in contrast, causes hypertension and signs of fluid overload.
答え
C · Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Vitamin B12 deficiency
これが答えになる理由
Long-term metformin reduces vitamin B12 absorption in the gut. B12 deficiency causes macrocytic anemia and peripheral neuropathy, which can be mistaken for diabetic neuropathy. Periodic B12 testing is recommended for long-term users.確認に用いた資料:Vitamin B Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
A · Vitamin B12 deficiency
11.薬理学
答え: D · A painful, swollen calf or sudden chest pain
これが答えになる理由
Combined hormonal contraception increases the risk of venous thromboembolism and, rarely, stroke. Leg pain or swelling, chest pain, breathlessness, severe headache or vision changes need urgent assessment.
答え
D · A painful, swollen calf or sudden chest pain
12.薬理学
答え: A · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors and ARBs cause fetal kidney damage, oligohydramnios and other problems, especially later in pregnancy. Drugs such as labetalol, nifedipine or methyldopa are used instead.
答え
A · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Tall, peaked T waves
これが答えになる理由
Rising potassium causes tall, tented T waves, then a flattened P wave, a prolonged PR interval and a widening QRS that can progress to ventricular fibrillation or asystole. U waves suggest hypokalaemia; a sawtooth baseline is atrial flutter.
答え
B · Tall, peaked T waves
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Continue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
これが答えになる理由
Pulseless electrical activity is a non-shockable rhythm. Treatment is high-quality CPR, adrenaline as soon as possible and repeated, and a search for reversible causes (the 4 Hs and 4 Ts, such as hypoxia, hypovolaemia, tension pneumothorax and tamponade). Shocks are only for VF and pulseless VT.
答え
C · Continue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
答え: D · Support the patient's decision and help the team talk with the family
これが答えになる理由
A competent adult can refuse treatment. The nurse advocates for the patient, supports communication with the family and team, and helps plan symptom control and palliative care.
答え
D · Support the patient's decision and help the team talk with the family
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Some results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
これが答えになる理由
Phenylalanine builds up only after the baby has had milk feeds, so very early samples can miss PKU. Programmes specify timing, and early samples may need repeating.
答え
A · Some results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
答え: B · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
これが答えになる理由
In the yellow zone (often 50–80% of personal best), the child follows the plan, usually extra reliever doses, and seeks medical advice if symptoms do not improve. Red-zone symptoms need emergency help.
答え
B · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
22.小児看護
答え: B · Reassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
これが答えになる理由
Preoperational children use magical thinking and may believe illness is a punishment for bad behaviour or thoughts. Clear, repeated reassurance in simple language reduces guilt and fear.
答え
B · Reassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
23.精神看護
答え: C · Changes in arousal and reactivity
これが答えになる理由
Hypervigilance and an exaggerated startle response belong to the arousal and reactivity group, along with irritability, poor concentration and sleep problems.
答え
C · Changes in arousal and reactivity
24.精神看護
答え: D · Acknowledge her strain and discuss support such as respite care and carers' groups
これが答えになる理由
Caregiver strain is common and can affect both the carer and the patient. Recognising it, and offering respite, practical support and carers' groups, helps the carer continue safely.
答え
D · Acknowledge her strain and discuss support such as respite care and carers' groups
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 14/min → 0
SpO₂ 99% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 84 mmHg → 3
HR 82/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 36.9 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
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