Why should the same pain scale be used each time a patient's pain is assessed?
ASo scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
BSo the patient learns the right answer to give
CBecause using different pain scales on one patient is against the law
DBecause only one scale is valid for adults
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Which action is most effective in preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection?
ARemoving the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
BWashing out the bladder every day
CChanging the drainage bag every few hours to keep the system fresh
DGiving antibiotics to every catheterised patient
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Neisseria meningitidis 感染症の患者の飛沫予防策は、通常いつ中止しますか?
A抗菌薬の初回投与が済んだらすぐ
B熱が1時間下がった後
C有効な抗菌薬による治療を24時間行った後
D患者が退院した後にのみ
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Shortly after a patient falls, the team holds a brief “post-fall huddle”. What is its main purpose?
ATo agree on what the team will tell the patient’s lawyer and the family
BTo decide which staff member was to blame for the fall
CTo find out quickly why the fall happened and change the care plan to prevent another
DTo complete the patient’s discharge paperwork
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
After a hip replacement, a patient has sudden severe hip pain, and the operated leg looks shorter and turned. What should the nurse suspect?
AA pressure injury on the heel
BA urinary tract infection
CDislocation of the new hip
DNormal pain after surgery
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with untreated hyperthyroidism has surgery and develops a temperature of 40 °C, a heart rate of 160/min and severe agitation. What is most likely happening?
AA normal reaction to pain
BOpioid withdrawal
CThyroid storm
DMyxedema coma
7.臨床看護学ふつう
What should a nurse do during a generalised tonic-clonic seizure?
AProtect the head, time the seizure and do not put anything in the mouth
BGive the patient a drink of water
CPut a tongue depressor between the teeth so that the tongue is not bitten
DHold the limbs firmly to stop the jerking and prevent injury
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Which sign is often a late finding in hypovolaemic shock in a young, previously fit adult?
AA fall in blood pressure
BA rise in heart rate
CCool peripheries
DA slightly raised respiratory rate
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A test has very high sensitivity for a disease. What does a negative result mean?
AThe result cannot be used, because sensitivity is high
BThe disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
CThe patient must have a different disease instead
DThe disease is certain, so treatment should begin
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has eaten very little for 2 weeks and has received broad-spectrum antibiotics. The INR is now 2.3 without warfarin, and the platelets are normal. What is the most likely cause?
AHemophilia A
BImmune thrombocytopenia
CIron-deficiency anemia
DVitamin K deficiency
11.薬理学ふつう
What should the nurse teach a patient about taking levothyroxine?
ATake it with milk at dinner, as calcium protects the stomach lining
BTake it together with the iron tablet to save time
CTake it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
DTake it only on days when feeling tired
12.薬理学むずかしい
A baby born to a mother on methadone becomes irritable on day 2, with a high-pitched cry, tremors, sneezing and poor feeding. What is the most likely cause?
AVitamin K deficiency bleeding
BNeonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
CNormal newborn behaviour
DNeonatal hypoglycaemia from maternal diabetes
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient with diabetes is starting a beta-blocker. What should the nurse teach about hypoglycaemia?
ASome warning signs, such as a fast heartbeat, may be masked
BInsulin should be stopped while taking a beta-blocker
CThe beta-blocker will prevent all episodes of hypoglycaemia
DHypoglycaemia will always cause a very slow and weak pulse
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A nurse is reviewing four telemetry patients. Which rhythm needs attention first?
ARepeated runs of ventricular tachycardia in a patient who feels dizzy
BRate-controlled atrial fibrillation at 82/min
CFirst-degree heart block with a stable blood pressure and no symptoms
DSinus bradycardia of 54/min in a patient who is asleep and comfortable
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient on insulin asks about drinking alcohol. Which advice is correct?
AAlcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
BAlcohol raises glucose, so extra insulin should be taken first
CAlcohol should replace a meal on the days it is drunk
DAlcohol has no effect on blood glucose in people with diabetes
What is the main treatment for a venous leg ulcer with an adequate arterial supply?
AStrong oral antibiotics for all ulcers
BSurgery to amputate the limb
CCompression therapy
DKeeping the leg hanging down all day
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
On the morning of elective hip surgery, a patient says she took her usual warfarin last night despite being told to stop. What should the nurse do?
ATell her the surgery must be cancelled for a month
BInform the surgical and anaesthetic teams, who will check the INR
CProceed with the usual checklist and say nothing
DGive a double dose of vitamin K by mouth without waiting for a prescription
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
分娩中の女性のトレースに変動一過性徐脈がみられます。看護師が最初にとるべき行動はどれですか?
Aすぐにいきみを始めさせる
B仰向けに寝かせる
C女性の体位を変える
Dオキシトシンの点滴量を増やす
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Just after the membranes rupture, there is painless vaginal bleeding and the fetal heart rate drops sharply. The mother's vital signs are normal. Which condition is most likely?
APlacental abruption
BUterine rupture
CBloody show
DRuptured vasa praevia
21.小児看護ふつう
A 13-year-old with scoliosis has been prescribed a brace. Which teaching is most important?
AWear it only at weekends and in the holidays, when it does not interfere with school
BWear it for the prescribed hours each day, with a thin cotton shirt underneath
CWear it only when the back hurts, then take it off
DWear it over thick clothing to make it more comfortable
答え: A · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
これが答えになる理由
Using one tool consistently lets the team see trends and judge whether treatment works. The tool chosen should suit the patient's age and ability to communicate.
答え
A · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
これが答えになる理由
The infection risk grows with each day of catheterisation, so the most effective step is avoiding unnecessary catheters and removing them early. Routine bladder washouts and frequent bag changes break the closed system and add risk.
答え
A · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
答え: C · To find out quickly why the fall happened and change the care plan to prevent another
これが答えになる理由
A post-fall huddle brings the team together soon after the fall to identify causes such as toileting, medication or footwear and to update the plan. It supports a just culture rather than blame.
答え
C · To find out quickly why the fall happened and change the care plan to prevent another
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Dislocation of the new hip
これが答えになる理由
Sudden pain with shortening and rotation of the leg suggests prosthetic hip dislocation. The nurse keeps the leg still, checks circulation and informs the surgeon.
答え
C · Dislocation of the new hip
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Thyroid storm
これが答えになる理由
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening surge of thyroid hormone, with fever, tachycardia and agitation or confusion. It needs urgent treatment; myxedema coma is the opposite extreme of hypothyroidism.
答え
C · Thyroid storm
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Protect the head, time the seizure and do not put anything in the mouth
これが答えになる理由
Remove nearby hazards, cushion the head, note the time and do not restrain or put objects in the mouth. Once jerking stops, place the patient in the recovery position and check the airway.
答え
A · Protect the head, time the seizure and do not put anything in the mouth
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · A fall in blood pressure
これが答えになる理由
Young adults compensate for blood loss with tachycardia and vasoconstriction, so blood pressure may stay normal until a large volume is lost. Hypotension is therefore a late and serious sign.
答え
A · A fall in blood pressure
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · The disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
これが答えになる理由
Sensitivity is the proportion of people with the disease who test positive. A highly sensitive test has few false negatives, so a negative result helps rule the disease out (the D-dimer is an example). Specificity relates to ruling in.
答え
B · The disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Vitamin K deficiency
これが答えになる理由
Vitamin K comes from the diet and from gut bacteria. Poor intake plus antibiotics can cause vitamin K deficiency, which lowers factors II, VII, IX and X and prolongs the PT/INR. Vitamin K replacement corrects it.確認に用いた資料:Vitamin K Deficiency in Neonates and Adults (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
D · Vitamin K deficiency
11.薬理学
答え: C · Take it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
これが答えになる理由
Levothyroxine is best absorbed on an empty stomach, and calcium, iron and antacids should be taken some hours apart. It is taken every day, usually for life.
答え
C · Take it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
12.薬理学
答え: B · Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
これが答えになる理由
After birth the baby no longer receives opioid from the mother and develops withdrawal. Assessment uses a scoring tool, with non-drug care first and opioid treatment if signs are severe.
答え
B · Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Some warning signs, such as a fast heartbeat, may be masked
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers can blunt adrenergic symptoms of hypoglycaemia such as palpitations and tremor. Sweating usually remains. Patients should check their glucose if they feel unwell and know their other warning signs.
答え
A · Some warning signs, such as a fast heartbeat, may be masked
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Repeated runs of ventricular tachycardia in a patient who feels dizzy
これが答えになる理由
Symptomatic runs of VT can degenerate into VF or pulseless VT and need immediate assessment, electrolytes and treatment. Sinus bradycardia during sleep, controlled AF and first-degree heart block with stable observations are usually not urgent.
答え
A · Repeated runs of ventricular tachycardia in a patient who feels dizzy
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Alcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
これが答えになる理由
Alcohol reduces the liver's release of glucose, so it increases the risk of hypoglycaemia, which may be delayed for many hours. Patients should eat carbohydrate, check glucose before bed and tell friends that a hypo can look like drunkenness.
答え
A · Alcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
Graduated compression reduces venous hypertension and oedema and speeds healing. Leg elevation, exercise and treating the underlying vein disease also help.
答え
C · Compression therapy
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Inform the surgical and anaesthetic teams, who will check the INR
これが答えになる理由
Recent warfarin may leave the INR too high for safe surgery or a spinal anaesthetic. The team needs to know at once; they check the INR and decide whether to delay or reverse.
答え
B · Inform the surgical and anaesthetic teams, who will check the INR
Rupture of the membranes can tear unprotected fetal vessels in vasa praevia. Fetal blood loss causes rapid bradycardia while the mother stays stable. An emergency caesarean is needed.
答え
D · Ruptured vasa praevia
21.小児看護
答え: B · Wear it for the prescribed hours each day, with a thin cotton shirt underneath
これが答えになる理由
A brace can slow curve progression during growth only if it is worn for the prescribed time, often most of the day and night. A thin, seamless cotton layer protects the skin, which is checked daily for redness.
答え
B · Wear it for the prescribed hours each day, with a thin cotton shirt underneath
答え: A · "What evidence do you have that nobody likes you?"
これが答えになる理由
Cognitive restructuring helps the patient examine the evidence for and against a negative automatic thought, then develop a more balanced view. Reassurance or advice does not help the patient learn this skill.
答え
A · "What evidence do you have that nobody likes you?"
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 9/min → 1
SpO₂ 90% → 3
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 110 mmHg → 1
HR 44/min → 1
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 36.5 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 1 + 3 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 = 6
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
中
答え
中
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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