A patient is receiving continuous tube feeds. Which action best reduces the risk of aspiration?
AKeep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
BTurn the feed off only while the patient is asleep at night
CIncrease the feed rate so the stomach empties sooner
DLay the patient flat for an hour after each bag is hung
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient takes lithium. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will keep my daily salt intake about the same as usual.”
B“I will go for my blood tests as planned.”
C“I will drink enough fluid every day.”
D“I will take ibuprofen every day for my headaches.”
7.臨床看護学ふつう
How does ulcerative colitis differ from Crohn's disease?
AUlcerative colitis always affects the full thickness of the bowel wall
BUlcerative colitis can affect any part of the gut from mouth to anus
CUlcerative colitis typically causes patchy "skip" lesions
DUlcerative colitis affects only the colon, continuously from the rectum
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with suspected appendicitis says the pain suddenly eased, but an hour later has pain all over the abdomen, a rigid abdomen and a fever. What is most likely?
AThe patient has developed gastroenteritis
BThe appendix has perforated, causing peritonitis
CThe analgesia has started working
DThe appendicitis has resolved without treatment
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient on levothyroxine has palpitations, weight loss and a TSH of 0.05 mIU/L. What is the most likely explanation?
Methylergometrine (methylergonovine) is prescribed for postpartum bleeding. Which finding would make the nurse withhold it and check with the prescriber?
AHeart rate of 88 per minute
BHaemoglobin slightly below normal
CBlood pressure of 160/105 mmHg
DTemperature of 37.2 °C (99 °F)
12.薬理学むずかしい
A postoperative patient using morphine PCA is very drowsy, hard to rouse and has a respiratory rate of 7 per minute. What should the nurse do first?
ALet the patient sleep and recheck in one hour
BStop the PCA, try to rouse the patient and give naloxone as per protocol
CEncourage the patient to press the button only when awake and in pain
DReduce the PCA dose and leave the pump running
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient's blood pressure is 120/60 mmHg. What is the approximate mean arterial pressure?
A80 mmHg
B60 mmHg
C100 mmHg
D90 mmHg
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A one-way speaking valve is fitted to a patient's tracheostomy tube while the cuff is still inflated. What is the danger?
AThe patient cannot breathe out and may suffocate
BThe valve will humidify the air too much
CThere is no danger, as the valve works with any cuff
DThe patient will speak too loudly
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with advanced CKD asks how to manage indigestion. Which option should they avoid?
AMagnesium-containing antacids
BRaising the head of the bed at night
CAvoiding large meals late in the evening
DEating smaller, more frequent meals
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient with CKD and a high potassium about diet. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will boil my potatoes and throw away the water."
B"I will use a salt substitute instead of ordinary salt."
C"I will check food labels for added salt when I go shopping."
D"I will keep bananas and dried fruit to a minimum."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which advice helps a person with diabetes prevent foot ulcers?
The five rights of delegation are the right task, circumstance, person, direction or communication, and supervision or evaluation. The registered nurse stays accountable for the decision to delegate.
Restrained patients are checked often for circulation, skin and comfort, and the restraint is released at least every 2 hours for movement, toileting, fluids and skin care. Exact intervals follow the facility’s policy.
答え: A · Keep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
これが答えになる理由
Raising the head of the bed to at least 30 degrees during and after feeding lowers the risk of reflux and aspiration. Lying flat greatly increases the risk.
答え
A · Keep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · “I will take ibuprofen every day for my headaches.”
これが答えになる理由
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen can raise lithium levels and cause toxicity. Steady fluid and salt intake and regular blood tests help keep levels safe.
答え
D · “I will take ibuprofen every day for my headaches.”
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Ulcerative colitis affects only the colon, continuously from the rectum
これが答えになる理由
Ulcerative colitis involves the mucosa of the colon, spreading continuously from the rectum. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the GI tract, is transmural and has skip lesions.
答え
D · Ulcerative colitis affects only the colon, continuously from the rectum
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · The appendix has perforated, causing peritonitis
これが答えになる理由
Perforation may briefly relieve the pain as pressure in the appendix falls, followed by generalised peritonitis. This needs urgent surgical review, IV fluids and antibiotics.
答え
B · The appendix has perforated, causing peritonitis
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · The levothyroxine dose is too high
これが答えになる理由
A very low TSH with symptoms of excess thyroid hormone suggests over-replacement. The dose is usually reduced, because long-term over-replacement raises the risk of atrial fibrillation and bone loss, especially in older adults.確認に用いた資料:TSH test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
Ergot alkaloids cause vasoconstriction and can raise blood pressure sharply. They are contraindicated in hypertension and pre-eclampsia.
答え
C · Blood pressure of 160/105 mmHg
12.薬理学
答え: B · Stop the PCA, try to rouse the patient and give naloxone as per protocol
これが答えになる理由
Excessive sedation and a low respiratory rate signal opioid-induced respiratory depression. The opioid is stopped, the patient is stimulated and supported with oxygen, naloxone is given as per protocol and help is called.
答え
B · Stop the PCA, try to rouse the patient and give naloxone as per protocol
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · 80 mmHg
これが答えになる理由
MAP ≈ diastolic + (systolic − diastolic) ÷ 3 = 60 + 60 ÷ 3 = 80 mmHg. The heart spends longer in diastole, so MAP is closer to the diastolic value. A MAP of at least about 65 mmHg is a common target for organ perfusion.
答え
A · 80 mmHg
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · The patient cannot breathe out and may suffocate
これが答えになる理由
A speaking valve opens on inspiration and closes on expiration, so exhaled air must pass around the tube and up through the larynx. If the cuff is inflated, air cannot escape, causing air trapping and respiratory arrest. The cuff must be fully deflated first.
答え
A · The patient cannot breathe out and may suffocate
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Magnesium-containing antacids
これが答えになる理由
Magnesium and aluminium are excreted by the kidneys and can accumulate in kidney failure. Patients with CKD should check with a pharmacist before using over-the-counter remedies, including laxatives and NSAIDs.
答え
A · Magnesium-containing antacids
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · "I will use a salt substitute instead of ordinary salt."
これが答えになる理由
Salt substitutes often contain potassium chloride, which can cause dangerous hyperkalaemia in CKD. Patients should reduce salt without using these products. Boiling vegetables and limiting high-potassium foods are correct.
答え
B · "I will use a salt substitute instead of ordinary salt."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Check the feet every day and never walk barefoot
これが答えになる理由
Peripheral neuropathy and poor circulation mean injuries can go unnoticed. Daily inspection, well-fitting footwear, checking water temperature and regular podiatry help prevent ulcers.
答え
D · Check the feet every day and never walk barefoot
答え: B · A rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
これが答えになる理由
Blood volume and cardiac output rise in pregnancy, and the resting heart rate typically increases by 10 to 15 beats per minute. Blood pressure usually falls slightly in the second trimester.
答え
B · A rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
答え: A · Yes; asking directly does not increase the risk and helps find those who need help
これが答えになる理由
Asking clearly and calmly about suicidal thoughts does not increase risk and often brings relief. It allows the nurse to assess risk, keep the young person safe and refer for mental health support.
答え
A · Yes; asking directly does not increase the risk and helps find those who need help
22.小児看護
答え: B · Stop the infusion, support breathing and give naloxone as per protocol
これが答えになる理由
Deep sedation, slow breathing and pinpoint pupils indicate opioid toxicity. The opioid is stopped, the airway and breathing supported with oxygen or bag-mask ventilation if needed, naloxone given as prescribed and help called.
答え
B · Stop the infusion, support breathing and give naloxone as per protocol
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
全投与期間
V = 2.5 mL × 4/日 × 14 = 140 mL
答え
V = 140 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 675 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
30·45 = 1350 mg
1 回あたり
D = 1350/2 = 675 mg
答え
D = 675 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 4.2 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
体重 (kg)
184.8/2.2 = 84 kg
投与量
5·84 = 420 mg
体積
V = (420/100)·1 = 4.2 mL
答え
V = 4.2 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 480 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
40·60/15 = 160 mL/h
体積
V = 160·3 = 480 mL
答え
V = 480 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 100 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 16/min → 0
SpO₂ 99% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 112 mmHg → 0
HR 88/min → 0
声にのみ反応する (V) → 3
T 37.3 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 0 = 3
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
これは独自の練習教材です。ExamProblems はこの試験を実施する団体とは提携しておらず、その承認も受けていません。試験名は内容を説明するためにのみ使用しています。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN®はthe National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN)の商標です。同団体はExamProblemsと提携しておらず、推奨も正確性の保証もしていません。