A nurse returns to the station to find four messages. Which one is answered first?
AA colleague asks to swap shifts with them next week because of a family wedding
BThe laboratory is calling with a critical potassium result of 2.6 mEq/L
CThe pharmacy asks when the next delivery should be scheduled
DA family member wants an update on their father’s progress
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient with Guillain–Barré syndrome has weakness spreading upwards from the legs. Which monitoring is most important?
ABlood glucose, measured once a day before breakfast
BBreathing function, such as forced vital capacity
CVisual acuity
DWeekly weight
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with known cirrhosis suddenly vomits large amounts of bright red blood and becomes tachycardic. What is the most likely cause?
AA lower GI bleed from diverticular disease
BA Mallory-Weiss tear from a small amount of vomiting
CSwallowed blood from a nosebleed
DBleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Apart from the lithium level, which tests are monitored regularly in long-term lithium therapy?
ALiver enzymes and serum amylase
BTroponin and creatine kinase (CK)
CKidney function and thyroid function
DINR and the platelet count
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
After a crush injury, a patient's urine dipstick is strongly positive for blood, but microscopy shows almost no red cells. CK is very high. What best explains this?
AThe sample was contaminated with menstrual blood
BBleeding is coming from the bladder lining
CA kidney stone is scraping the ureter lining
DMyoglobin from damaged muscle is in the urine
11.薬理学ふつう
ヘパリンはどのようにして抗凝固作用を生みますか?
Aアンチトロンビンを増強し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子を不活化させる
B血小板の COX-1 を不可逆的に阻害する
Cすでにある血栓のフィブリンを分解する
D肝臓でのビタミン K 依存性凝固因子の合成を遮断する
12.薬理学むずかしい
Morphine 4 mg IV is ordered. The ampoule contains 10 mg/mL. What volume should be drawn up?
A2.5 mL
B0.04 mL
C0.4 mL
D4 mL
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient has chest pain at rest in the early morning with brief ST elevation that resolves. Coronary arteries are later found to be clear. Which condition is most likely?
AVasospastic (Prinzmetal) angina
BStable exertional angina from a fixed plaque
CAcute pericarditis
DAortic stenosis
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
After a pneumonectomy, how is the patient usually positioned?
AFully on the non-operated side, to help drain the empty space
BHead down with the legs raised, to drain secretions from the lung
COn the back or the operated side, not fully on the remaining lung
DFlat and prone for the whole of the first day after surgery
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why might a patient taking a beta-blocker not notice a hypoglycaemic episode?
ABeta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
BBeta-blockers raise blood glucose, so hypos cannot happen
CBeta-blockers make the patient sleep through every hypo
DBeta-blockers block the effect of all diabetes medicines
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with a head injury now has a blood pressure of 190/70 mmHg, a pulse of 48/min and irregular breathing. How should the nurse interpret this?
ANeurogenic shock from a spinal cord injury
BA normal stress response to pain, anxiety and the noise of the ward
CHypovolaemic shock from internal bleeding
DCushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why are urinary catheters removed as early as possible after surgery?
ABecause the catheter stops the bowel working
BTo reduce the risk of catheter-associated infection
CBecause patients cannot drink normally while a catheter is in place
DBecause catheters always cause kidney stones
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A category (stage) 4 pressure ulcer is now healing and shallower. How should it be documented according to standard guidance?
AAs a category 1 pressure ulcer now
BAs a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
CAs a fully healed ulcer that can be removed from the record
DAs a category 2 pressure ulcer now
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which position of the fetal head presents the smallest diameter to the pelvis?
APartial extension, with the brow presenting
BFull flexion, with the chin on the chest
CFull extension, with the face presenting
DA neutral position with no flexion
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman at 34 weeks with type 1 diabetes has a blood glucose of 2.8 mmol/L (50 mg/dL), is sweating and shaky but is alert. What should the nurse do first?
ACheck the fetal heart rate before any treatment
BWait until her next meal
CGive her usual insulin dose
DGive fast-acting glucose by mouth and recheck
21.小児看護ふつう
What should the nurse do before giving a dose of digoxin to an infant?
ACount the apical pulse for a full minute and check it against the prescribed limits
BCount the radial pulse for 15 seconds and multiply by four
CMeasure the blood pressure and give the dose only if it is above the normal range
DMeasure the temperature and give the dose only if there is no fever
22.小児看護むずかしい
A parent asks why the HPV vaccine is offered in early adolescence (at about 11 to 13 years, depending on the country). Which answer is best?
AIt is only effective if given in the first year of secondary school, before exams start
BChildren of this age are already likely to have the virus, so it treats the infection
CIt works best before any exposure to the virus, and young adolescents respond strongly
DIt is given at this age because it prevents chickenpox in adolescence
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient asks the nurse for her home phone number so they can keep in touch after discharge. What is the best response?
A"I can't give you my number, because our relationship is a professional one. Let's talk about support you can contact after discharge."
B"That would be against the rules, so please stop asking about it."
C"I'll give you my number, but please only call me at weekends when I'm not working, and keep it short."
D"Of course, as long as you don't tell the other patients."
24.精神看護むずかしい
A child has been admitted several times with unexplained fevers that only happen when her mother is present. Staff see the mother tampering with the child's IV line. What is the priority action?
AEnsure the child's safety and follow child protection procedures
BDischarge the child home with the mother as soon as possible
CDocument the event carefully in the notes and wait to see whether it happens again before telling anyone else
DDiscuss the matter with the mother alone and ask her to stop
答え: D · With routine hygiene, using soap and water during daily washing
これが答えになる理由
Routine perineal hygiene with soap and water is recommended. Antiseptic creams and routine irrigation do not reduce infection, and moving the catheter in and out carries organisms into the bladder.
答え
D · With routine hygiene, using soap and water during daily washing
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
これが答えになる理由
Injuries that do not match the history must be reported, and proof is not needed. In the US, nurses are legally mandated reporters; in the UK and many other countries, safeguarding procedures require the concern to be referred to the designated lead or children’s social care. The child’s safety is ensured and the findings are documented factually.
答え
A · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
答え: B · The laboratory is calling with a critical potassium result of 2.6 mEq/L
これが答えになる理由
A critical potassium of 2.6 mEq/L can cause life-threatening arrhythmias, so it is acted on first: the nurse assesses the patient and informs the provider. The other calls can wait.
答え
B · The laboratory is calling with a critical potassium result of 2.6 mEq/L
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Breathing function, such as forced vital capacity
これが答えになる理由
Guillain–Barré syndrome can paralyse the respiratory muscles. Serial vital capacity measurements help identify patients who need ventilation before they deteriorate.
答え
B · Breathing function, such as forced vital capacity
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · Bleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices
これが答えになる理由
Portal hypertension in cirrhosis causes oesophageal varices, which can bleed massively. This needs resuscitation, urgent endoscopy and specific drug treatment.
答え
D · Bleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Kidney function and thyroid function
これが答えになる理由
Long-term lithium can cause hypothyroidism and impair kidney function, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Creatinine/eGFR and TSH are therefore checked regularly, together with sodium and the lithium level.確認に用いた資料:Hypothyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · Kidney function and thyroid function
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Myoglobin from damaged muscle is in the urine
これが答えになる理由
The dipstick blood test detects heme, which is present in both hemoglobin and myoglobin. Positive "blood" without red cells, together with a very high CK, indicates myoglobinuria from rhabdomyolysis, which can damage the kidneys. IV fluids and close monitoring of urine output and potassium are needed.確認に用いた資料:Myoglobin urine test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Rhabdomyolysis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Creatine Kinase · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答え
D · Myoglobin from damaged muscle is in the urine
11.薬理学
答え: A · アンチトロンビンを増強し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子を不活化させる
これが答えになる理由
ヘパリンはアンチトロンビンに結合し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子の不活化を大きく加速します。低分子量ヘパリンは主に第 Xa 因子に作用します。
答え
A · アンチトロンビンを増強し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子を不活化させる
12.薬理学
答え: C · 0.4 mL
これが答えになる理由
4 mg ÷ 10 mg/mL = 0.4 mL. The unused remainder of a controlled drug is discarded with a witness.
答え
C · 0.4 mL
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Vasospastic (Prinzmetal) angina
これが答えになる理由
Vasospastic angina is caused by temporary coronary artery spasm, often at rest or at night, with transient ST elevation. It responds to calcium channel blockers and nitrates. Triggers include smoking, cold and cocaine.
答え
A · Vasospastic (Prinzmetal) angina
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · On the back or the operated side, not fully on the remaining lung
これが答えになる理由
After a pneumonectomy, the remaining lung needs room to expand, and the mediastinum must not shift. Patients usually lie on their back or on the operated side, semi-upright. Lying fully on the non-operated side can compress the remaining lung. Chest drains, if present, are managed per surgical instructions.
答え
C · On the back or the operated side, not fully on the remaining lung
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers blunt adrenergic warning symptoms such as palpitations and tremor. Sweating is often preserved. Patients should check their glucose when they feel unwell, rather than relying on symptoms alone.
答え
A · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Cushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
これが答えになる理由
Cushing's triad is hypertension with a widening pulse pressure, bradycardia and irregular respiration. It shows that the brainstem is being compressed and herniation may be imminent, so it is an emergency.
答え
D · Cushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · To reduce the risk of catheter-associated infection
これが答えになる理由
The risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection increases with duration. Daily review of the need for a catheter, and early removal, reduce infection and help mobilisation.
答え
B · To reduce the risk of catheter-associated infection
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · As a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
これが答えになる理由
Pressure ulcers are not "reverse staged" because granulation tissue does not replace the muscle, fat and dermis that were lost. The wound is described as a healing category 4 ulcer.
答え
B · As a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Full flexion, with the chin on the chest
これが答えになる理由
When the head is fully flexed, the suboccipitobregmatic diameter of about 9.5 cm presents. Extension, as in brow and face presentations, presents larger diameters and can obstruct labour.
答え
B · Full flexion, with the chin on the chest
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Give fast-acting glucose by mouth and recheck
これが答えになる理由
An alert patient with hypoglycaemia is given fast-acting oral carbohydrate, then glucose is rechecked after about 15 minutes and followed by a snack or meal. Treating the mother also protects the fetus.
答え
D · Give fast-acting glucose by mouth and recheck
21.小児看護
答え: A · Count the apical pulse for a full minute and check it against the prescribed limits
これが答えになる理由
Digoxin slows the heart rate and has a narrow therapeutic range. The apical pulse is counted for a full minute before each dose, and the dose is withheld and reported if the rate is below the limit set by the prescriber or local policy.
答え
A · Count the apical pulse for a full minute and check it against the prescribed limits
22.小児看護
答え: C · It works best before any exposure to the virus, and young adolescents respond strongly
これが答えになる理由
HPV is passed on through sexual contact, so vaccination is most effective before any exposure. Younger adolescents also produce a strong antibody response. The vaccine protects against HPV types that cause cervical and other cancers and genital warts.
答え
C · It works best before any exposure to the virus, and young adolescents respond strongly
23.精神看護
答え: A · "I can't give you my number, because our relationship is a professional one. Let's talk about support you can contact after discharge."
これが答えになる理由
Personal contact outside the therapeutic relationship crosses a professional boundary. The nurse explains the boundary kindly and redirects to appropriate after-discharge support.
答え
A · "I can't give you my number, because our relationship is a professional one. Let's talk about support you can contact after discharge."
24.精神看護
答え: A · Ensure the child's safety and follow child protection procedures
これが答えになる理由
This suggests factitious disorder imposed on another, which is a form of child abuse. The nurse protects the child and reports through safeguarding procedures. Confronting the parent alone can increase the risk to the child.
答え
A · Ensure the child's safety and follow child protection procedures
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 39.4 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
102.9 − 32 = 70.9
5/9を掛ける
T = 70.9·5/9 = 39.39 ≈ 39.4 °C
答え
T = 39.4 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 49.92 mg/h
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 8 mcg/kg/min × 104 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 8·104·60/1000 = 49.92 mg/h
答え
D = 49.92 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 100 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
25·12 = 300 mg
1 回あたり
D = 300/3 = 100 mg
答え
D = 100 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 259.1 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 12/min → 0
SpO₂ 97% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 102 mmHg → 1
HR 132/min → 3
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 37.8 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 3 + 0 + 0 = 4
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
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