In a patient with a head injury, which is usually the earliest sign of rising intracranial pressure?
AA fixed, dilated pupil on both sides
BA slow pulse with high blood pressure
CA change in level of consciousness
DIrregular breathing pauses
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient on carbamazepine becomes confused and has a headache. Which laboratory result would most likely explain this?
AA low serum sodium
BA low serum magnesium
CA high serum calcium
DA high serum potassium
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with right upper abdominal pain from gallstones now has jaundice, a total bilirubin of 4.8 mg/dL (82 µmol/L) and a raised ALP. What is the most likely cause?
AGilbert syndrome triggered by pain
BA stone blocking the common bile duct
CHemolysis caused by the gallstones
DUncomplicated gallbladder inflammation
11.薬理学ふつう
ネオスチグミンは重症筋無力症でどのように筋力を改善しますか?
Aアセチルコリンエステラーゼを阻害し、より多くのアセチルコリンが受容体に届くようにする
B神経筋接合部のアセチルコリン受容体の数を増やす
C筋肉のムスカリン受容体を直接刺激する
D受容体に対する自己抗体を遮断する
12.薬理学むずかしい
Ten days after chemotherapy, a patient has a temperature of 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) but says she feels fine. What should happen?
AStart oral antibiotics only if a rash develops
BUrgent cultures and IV broad-spectrum antibiotics without delay
CWait 48 hours to see whether the fever settles
DParacetamol at home and review at the next routine clinic visit
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How is orthostatic (postural) hypotension usually assessed?
ABP lying after rest, then again after 1 and 3 minutes standing
BBP in both arms at the same moment while sitting
CBP once sitting, then once lying down straight after a large meal
DBP only standing, after a brisk walk along the corridor
A patient on insulin asks about drinking alcohol. Which advice is correct?
AAlcohol has no effect on blood glucose in people with diabetes
BAlcohol raises glucose, so extra insulin should be taken first
CAlcohol should replace a meal on the days it is drunk
DAlcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Two days after a spinal cord injury, a patient has a swollen abdomen, no bowel sounds and is vomiting. What is most likely, and what is the nursing action?
AA full bladder, so encourage oral fluids
BNormal constipation, so give a large meal to stimulate the bowel
CParalytic ileus, so keep nil by mouth and prepare for an NG tube
DAn allergic reaction to food, so give an antihistamine
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why is the Lund and Browder chart preferred to the rule of nines for children?
AIt counts superficial burns as well
BIt is used only for burns of the hands
CIt adjusts for body proportions that change with age
DIt is faster to use than any other method of estimation
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Which medicine commonly needs enteral feeds paused before and after each dose because the feed reduces its absorption?
AOmeprazole liquid
BLactulose
CPhenytoin
DParacetamol
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
When the newborn's head is turned to one side, the arm on that side extends and the other arm flexes. Which reflex is this?
Which advice is best for a baby with mild nappy rash?
AWipe with perfumed baby wipes at every change to kill the bacteria on the skin
BChange nappies often, clean gently, use a barrier cream and allow nappy-free time
CApply talcum powder thickly at every nappy change
DUse tighter nappies so that less urine reaches the skin
22.小児看護むずかしい
A child with a new forearm cast has severe pain not relieved by analgesia and screams when the nurse gently moves the fingers. What should the nurse suspect?
答え: B · Pass the first part into the toilet, then catch the middle part in the pot
これが答えになる理由
After cleaning, the first stream flushes bacteria from the urethra, so the midstream part is collected in a sterile container. This reduces contamination.
答え
B · Pass the first part into the toilet, then catch the middle part in the pot
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Not use the tube and follow policy, which may mean a chest X-ray
これが答えになる理由
A low pH supports gastric placement (1–5.5 in UK guidance; 5 or below is typical in US guidance). A pH of 7 does not rule out the lungs, so nothing is put down the tube until position is confirmed, usually by X-ray. The "whoosh" air test is unreliable.
答え
B · Not use the tube and follow policy, which may mean a chest X-ray
Subtle changes in consciousness, such as restlessness, confusion or a falling GCS, are often the first signs. Pupil changes and Cushing's triad (hypertension, bradycardia, irregular breathing) are late signs.
答え
C · A change in level of consciousness
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · A low serum sodium
これが答えになる理由
Carbamazepine (and oxcarbazepine) can cause hyponatremia by increasing the effect of ADH, which can cause confusion, headache and seizures. The drug can also cause serious blood disorders, so the CBC is monitored.確認に用いた資料:Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Carbamazepine · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答え
A · A low serum sodium
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · A stone blocking the common bile duct
これが答えになる理由
A gallstone in the common bile duct (choledocholithiasis) obstructs bile flow, raising conjugated bilirubin and ALP. Fever with jaundice and pain suggests cholangitis, an emergency. Simple cholecystitis usually causes only mild liver test changes.確認に用いた資料:Choledocholithiasis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Cholangitis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
B · A stone blocking the common bile duct
11.薬理学
答え: A · アセチルコリンエステラーゼを阻害し、より多くのアセチルコリンが受容体に届くようにする
答え: B · Urgent cultures and IV broad-spectrum antibiotics without delay
これが答えになる理由
Fever during neutropenia is treated as a medical emergency because infection can progress rapidly. Cultures are taken and empirical IV antibiotics are started promptly, ideally within one hour.
答え
B · Urgent cultures and IV broad-spectrum antibiotics without delay
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · BP lying after rest, then again after 1 and 3 minutes standing
これが答えになる理由
Blood pressure is measured after the patient has been lying for about 5 minutes, then after 1 and 3 minutes of standing. A fall in systolic pressure of 20 mmHg or more, or diastolic of 10 mmHg or more, indicates orthostatic hypotension. Symptoms such as dizziness are recorded too.
答え
A · BP lying after rest, then again after 1 and 3 minutes standing
答え: D · Alcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
これが答えになる理由
Alcohol reduces the liver's release of glucose, so it increases the risk of hypoglycaemia, which may be delayed for many hours. Patients should eat carbohydrate, check glucose before bed and tell friends that a hypo can look like drunkenness.
答え
D · Alcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Paralytic ileus, so keep nil by mouth and prepare for an NG tube
これが答えになる理由
Paralytic ileus is common in the first days after a spinal cord injury. The patient is kept nil by mouth, and a nasogastric tube decompresses the stomach to prevent vomiting and aspiration until bowel sounds return.
答え
C · Paralytic ileus, so keep nil by mouth and prepare for an NG tube
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · It adjusts for body proportions that change with age
これが答えになる理由
The Lund and Browder chart gives different percentages for the head and legs at different ages, so it is more accurate in children and is also widely used in adults.
答え
C · It adjusts for body proportions that change with age
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Phenytoin
これが答えになる理由
Enteral feeds bind phenytoin and lower its levels, risking seizures. Feeds are usually paused around doses, as advised by the pharmacist, and drug levels are monitored.
答え
C · Phenytoin
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Tonic neck reflex
これが答えになる理由
The asymmetric tonic neck reflex gives a "fencing" posture. It fades over the first months; persistence beyond the expected age can suggest neurological problems.
答え: B · Change nappies often, clean gently, use a barrier cream and allow nappy-free time
これが答えになる理由
Keeping the skin clean and dry with frequent changes, gentle cleaning with water, a barrier cream and nappy-free time helps nappy rash heal. Perfumed products and talc can irritate the skin; a rash that persists may be a candidal infection.
答え
B · Change nappies often, clean gently, use a barrier cream and allow nappy-free time
22.小児看護
答え: C · Compartment syndrome; report it at once
これが答えになる理由
Rising pressure within a muscle compartment cuts off blood supply. Severe pain unrelieved by analgesia and pain on passive movement are early signs; pulselessness is late. The prescriber is told immediately, the limb is not elevated above heart level and the cast may need splitting.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 7/min → 3
SpO₂ 96% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 112 mmHg → 0
HR 76/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 34.8 °C → 3
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 = 6
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
中
答え
中
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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