A patient at 35 weeks of pregnancy with high blood pressure calls the clinic. Which symptom needs urgent assessment?
AMild ankle swelling at the end of the day
BA severe headache with blurred vision
CBackache after a long walk
DNeeding to pass urine more often
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient is admitted with suspected meningococcal meningitis. Which precautions are needed until treatment has been given for long enough?
AAirborne precautions
BStandard precautions only
CDroplet precautions
DContact precautions only
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Why are patients encouraged to use an incentive spirometer after abdominal surgery?
ATo encourage deep breaths that prevent atelectasis and chest infection
BTo measure their lung function so the result can go in the discharge letter
CTo lower their heart rate before mobilising
DTo strengthen the abdominal muscles around the wound
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient due a blood transfusion is not wearing an identity band. What should the nurse do?
AAsk another patient to confirm who the patient is
BNot start until a correct identity band is in place and identity is confirmed
CAsk the patient to state their name and date of birth, then start straight away
DCheck the name on the bed and proceed
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Why must a blue-top (citrate) coagulation tube be filled to the correct level?
AAn overfull tube is needed to measure the potassium level
BThe laboratory charges extra when a tube is not filled correctly
CThe blood-to-anticoagulant ratio must be right for accurate clotting times
DUnderfilled tubes always give a falsely low hemoglobin and hematocrit
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
4 つの検査結果が届きました。看護師が最初に対応すべきものはどれですか?
A昨日肺炎で入院した患者のナトリウム 137 mEq/L
B慢性腎臓病患者のヘモグロビン 11.8 g/dL(118 g/L)
C糖尿病患者の食後血糖 140 mg/dL(7.8 mmol/L)
D新たな筋力低下がある CKD 患者のカリウム 6.6 mEq/L
11.薬理学ふつう
A woman taking tamoxifen should report which symptom promptly?
AMild hot flushes, especially at night, in the first months
BUnusual vaginal bleeding or a painful swollen leg
CMild tiredness in the afternoon
DSlightly dry skin
12.薬理学むずかしい
Which finding most favours serotonin syndrome over neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
ARecent start of an antipsychotic drug
BA very high creatine kinase
CSlow onset over days with lead-pipe rigidity
DRapid onset with hyperreflexia and clonus
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How should a patient with asthma record their peak flow at home?
ABlow only during an asthma attack, never when well
BTake the average of ten blows after exercise
CTake one gentle blow once a week, at any time of day
DTake the best of three blows, ideally morning and evening
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A 28-year-old woman taking the combined pill comes in breathless and anxious. RR is 30/min, heart rate 118/min and SpO₂ 90% on air. A colleague says it is a panic attack. What should the nurse conclude?
ABreathing into a paper bag is the best first treatment for her
BLow oxygen saturation is not explained by anxiety; PE must be excluded
CThe saturation is normal for an anxious person who is breathing fast
DShe should be sent home after a sedative
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A bladder scan straight after voiding shows 450 mL of urine still in the bladder. What does this show?
AThe bladder is not emptying properly
BThe patient is passing urine normally
CThe patient has drunk too little fluid
DThe kidneys are making too little urine
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
An older man was found on the floor after lying there for many hours. His urine is dark brown, and his creatine kinase is very high. What is the main kidney risk and the key treatment?
AAKI from rhabdomyolysis, treated with generous IV fluids
BA kidney stone, treated with strong pain relief
CHypothermia, treated with a fluid restriction
DA urinary infection, treated with oral antibiotics only
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why is a pregnancy test often done before surgery in women who could be pregnant?
APregnancy always makes surgery impossible
BIt is needed to calculate the anaesthetic drug dose
CAnaesthesia, drugs and some tests may harm a fetus
DPregnant women cannot sign consent forms
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with gallstones has a temperature of 39 °C with rigors, jaundice and right upper abdominal pain. What should the nurse suspect?
ASimple biliary colic
BUncomplicated reflux
CAcute hepatitis A
DAscending cholangitis
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman says she uses cannabis daily to manage nausea in pregnancy. What is the best nursing response?
AAdvise her to switch to tobacco instead
BRefuse to continue her care until she stops
CTell her that cannabis is a natural remedy and safe in pregnancy
DExplain the risks without judgement and offer safer treatments
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
The triage nurse receives four phone calls from pregnant women. Who should be told to come in immediately?
AAt 25 weeks with mild backache after standing
BAt 30 weeks with heartburn after large meals
CAt 12 weeks with mild nausea in the mornings
DAt 36 weeks with constant pain and a hard uterus
21.小児看護ふつう
A toddler refuses a liquid medicine. Which approach is appropriate?
ATell the child it is a sweet so that he takes it happily
BMix it into a full bottle of milk or juice for the whole day
CHold the child's nose firmly until he has to open his mouth to breathe
DMix it with a small spoonful of food, if the pharmacist says this is safe
22.小児看護むずかしい
The parents of a 9-year-old who wets the bed most nights have been punishing him. What is the best advice?
AStop all drinks after lunch and keep him in nappies
BWait, as no help is available until he is a teenager
CStop punishing him, praise dry nights and consider a bedwetting alarm
DWake him every hour through the night and make him change his own sheets
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient says, "I feel like I'm dying inside." Which nurse response best uses the technique of exploring?
A"Tell me more about what that feeling is like for you."
B"Let's talk about something more cheerful."
C"Everyone feels that way sometimes."
D"You shouldn't say things like that."
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient in DBT feels a strong urge to self-harm after a distressing phone call. Which DBT skill module is designed to help her get through this moment without making things worse?
答え: C · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
これが答えになる理由
Under standard precautions, gloves are worn when exposure to blood or body fluids is likely. Wearing them for all contact gives false security and can spread germs if not changed.
答え
C · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · The systolic may be read too low and the diastolic too high
これが答えになる理由
Fast deflation means the gauge drops past the first and last sounds before they are heard. The usual advice is to deflate at about 2–3 mmHg per second.
答え
D · The systolic may be read too low and the diastolic too high
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
これが答えになる理由
With teach-back, the patient explains the information in their own words, which shows whether the teaching worked. A yes to “Do you understand?” does not confirm understanding.
答え
C · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
A severe headache and visual changes can be signs of severe pre-eclampsia and a risk of eclampsia. Mild ankle swelling, backache and frequent urination are common in late pregnancy.
答え
B · A severe headache with blurred vision
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Droplet precautions
これが答えになる理由
Neisseria meningitidis spreads by respiratory droplets, so a surgical mask is worn within close range. Droplet precautions continue until the patient has received effective antibiotics for about 24 hours.
答え
C · Droplet precautions
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · To encourage deep breaths that prevent atelectasis and chest infection
これが答えになる理由
Shallow breathing after surgery lets alveoli collapse, causing atelectasis and pneumonia. Deep-breathing exercises with an incentive spirometer help keep the lungs expanded.
答え
A · To encourage deep breaths that prevent atelectasis and chest infection
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Not start until a correct identity band is in place and identity is confirmed
これが答えになる理由
Positive patient identification, using an identity band checked against the blood unit and prescription, is essential before every transfusion. Wrong blood incidents can cause fatal ABO incompatibility reactions.
答え
B · Not start until a correct identity band is in place and identity is confirmed
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · The blood-to-anticoagulant ratio must be right for accurate clotting times
これが答えになる理由
Citrate tubes contain a set volume of anticoagulant. If the tube is underfilled, the extra citrate falsely prolongs the PT and aPTT, so the laboratory may reject the sample.
答え
C · The blood-to-anticoagulant ratio must be right for accurate clotting times
答え: B · Unusual vaginal bleeding or a painful swollen leg
これが答えになる理由
Tamoxifen has oestrogen-like effects on the uterus and clotting, increasing the risk of endometrial cancer and venous thromboembolism. Hot flushes are common and expected.
答え
B · Unusual vaginal bleeding or a painful swollen leg
12.薬理学
答え: D · Rapid onset with hyperreflexia and clonus
これが答えになる理由
Serotonin syndrome develops within hours of a serotonergic drug and causes clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, dilated pupils and diarrhoea. NMS develops over days after a dopamine antagonist, with lead-pipe rigidity and slow reflexes.
答え
D · Rapid onset with hyperreflexia and clonus
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Take the best of three blows, ideally morning and evening
これが答えになる理由
The patient stands or sits upright, takes a full breath and blows as hard and fast as possible, three times, recording the best. Regular readings show variability and guide the action plan, which uses the patient's own best value as the reference.
答え
D · Take the best of three blows, ideally morning and evening
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Low oxygen saturation is not explained by anxiety; PE must be excluded
これが答えになる理由
Panic-related hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis but normal oxygen saturation. Hypoxaemia with tachycardia in a woman taking oestrogen suggests PE. She needs oxygen, urgent medical assessment and investigation. Paper-bag rebreathing is unsafe and can worsen hypoxaemia.
答え
B · Low oxygen saturation is not explained by anxiety; PE must be excluded
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · The bladder is not emptying properly
これが答えになる理由
A large post-void residual means incomplete emptying, for example from obstruction or a weak detrusor. It raises the risk of infection and overflow incontinence and may need intermittent catheterisation or treatment of the cause.
答え
A · The bladder is not emptying properly
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · AKI from rhabdomyolysis, treated with generous IV fluids
これが答えになる理由
Prolonged pressure damages muscle (rhabdomyolysis), releasing myoglobin, which is toxic to the tubules, as well as potassium. Early, generous IV fluids with close monitoring of urine output, potassium and creatinine help protect the kidneys.
答え
A · AKI from rhabdomyolysis, treated with generous IV fluids
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Anaesthesia, drugs and some tests may harm a fetus
これが答えになる理由
Unknown pregnancy can change the decision to operate, the timing, and the choice of drugs and X-rays. Testing is offered with consent, according to local policy.
答え
C · Anaesthesia, drugs and some tests may harm a fetus
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Ascending cholangitis
これが答えになる理由
Fever, jaundice and right upper quadrant pain suggest infection of an obstructed bile duct. It can rapidly cause sepsis and needs blood cultures, IV antibiotics, fluids and urgent biliary drainage, usually by ERCP.
答え
D · Ascending cholangitis
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Explain the risks without judgement and offer safer treatments
これが答えになる理由
Cannabis in pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and possible effects on brain development. The nurse discusses the risks without judgement, offers safer antiemetics and support and continues care.
答え
D · Explain the risks without judgement and offer safer treatments
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · At 36 weeks with constant pain and a hard uterus
これが答えになる理由
Constant pain with a hard, tender uterus suggests placental abruption, which can threaten mother and fetus even with little visible bleeding. The other symptoms are common discomforts.
答え
D · At 36 weeks with constant pain and a hard uterus
21.小児看護
答え: D · Mix it with a small spoonful of food, if the pharmacist says this is safe
これが答えになる理由
Mixing with a small amount of food that will be eaten completely, when the medicine allows it, helps the child take the full dose. Large volumes may not be finished, calling medicine sweets is unsafe and forcing risks aspiration.
答え
D · Mix it with a small spoonful of food, if the pharmacist says this is safe
22.小児看護
答え: C · Stop punishing him, praise dry nights and consider a bedwetting alarm
これが答えになる理由
Nocturnal enuresis is common and not deliberate; punishment worsens it. Support, reward systems for agreed behaviours, enuresis alarms and sometimes desmopressin are effective, along with normal daytime drinking and regular toileting.
答え
C · Stop punishing him, praise dry nights and consider a bedwetting alarm
23.精神看護
答え: A · "Tell me more about what that feeling is like for you."
これが答えになる理由
Exploring asks the patient to describe an experience in more detail. Generalising, disapproving and changing the subject block the patient from talking.
答え
A · "Tell me more about what that feeling is like for you."
24.精神看護
答え: C · Distress tolerance
これが答えになる理由
Distress tolerance skills help a person cope with intense emotion in a crisis without acting on harmful urges, for example through distraction, self-soothing or changing body temperature.
答え
C · Distress tolerance
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 37.7 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
99.9 − 32 = 67.9
5/9を掛ける
T = 67.9·5/9 = 37.72 ≈ 37.7 °C
答え
T = 37.7 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 522.5 mL
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
8 fl oz = 8·30 = 240 mL
2 tbsp = 2·15 = 30 mL
2½ tsp = 2.5·5 = 12.5 mL
1 カップ = 1·240 = 240 mL
足す
V = 240 + 30 + 12.5 + 240 = 522.5 mL
答え
V = 522.5 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 282.5 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 12/min → 0
SpO₂ 96% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 136 mmHg → 0
HR 64/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 38.4 °C → 1
足す
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
答え
NEWS2 = 1
34.臨床アセスメントスコア
答え: 低~中
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 16/min → 0
SpO₂ 97% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 78 mmHg → 3
HR 76/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 38.4 °C → 1
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 4
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
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