Why might a patient bleed more from the needle sites straight after haemodialysis?
AThe fistula has been damaged and must be tied off
BDialysis raises the blood pressure sharply for several hours
CHeparin is often used to stop the circuit from clotting
DDialysis removes all the platelets from the blood
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
During haemodialysis, a patient suddenly becomes breathless with chest pain, and air is seen in the line. What should the nurse do first?
AContinue the session and recheck in 30 minutes
BSit the patient upright and give a drink of water
CClamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
DSpeed up the pump to clear the air into the patient
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
How does sucralfate help a peptic ulcer heal?
AIt blocks histamine receptors on parietal cells
BIt speeds up emptying of the stomach
CIt forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
DIt kills H. pylori in the stomach lining
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient asks whether to take their usual bisoprolol on the morning of surgery. What is the usual guidance?
ATake a double dose to protect the heart
BUsually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
CStop it one week before any operation
DTake it only after the operation is finished
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman received an opioid shortly before giving birth, and the baby is born with poor breathing effort. Which statement about the baby's care is correct?
ANaloxone is given before any ventilation is started
BEffective ventilation comes first; naloxone is not routine
CFlumazenil is given to reverse the opioid
DNo support is needed because the effect lasts only seconds
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
An ultrasound at 30 weeks shows polyhydramnios and no visible fetal stomach bubble. Which fetal condition should be considered?
AFetal growth from maternal diabetes only
BPost-term pregnancy
COesophageal atresia
DRenal agenesis
21.小児看護ふつう
Which measure is most important in preventing infection in a child with neutropenia?
AGiving routine antibiotics to all family members
BCareful hand hygiene by everyone in contact with the child
CKeeping all visitors, including the parents, out of the child's room
DWearing a mask only when the child has a fever
22.小児看護むずかしい
A child with leukaemia and a very high white cell count starts chemotherapy. Which blood results suggest tumour lysis syndrome?
ALow haemoglobin and low platelets with a normal potassium
BHigh potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
CHigh sodium, high glucose, low albumin and low urea
DLow potassium, low phosphate, low uric acid and high calcium
23.精神看護ふつう
悪性症候群を示唆する所見の組み合わせはどれですか?
A体重増加と血糖上昇
B細かい振戦と口渇の増加
C新しいセロトニン作動薬の数時間以内の、腱反射亢進、クローヌス、下痢、散瞳、激越
D高熱、重度の「鉛管様」筋強剛、錯乱、不安定な血圧、CK の上昇
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient with depression and a family history of bipolar disorder started an antidepressant 2 weeks ago. He now sleeps 3 hours a night, talks rapidly and is spending large amounts of money. What should the nurse suspect?
AA switch into mania or hypomania triggered by the antidepressant
BSerotonin syndrome caused by a high dose
CThe expected improvement in mood from the antidepressant
DNormal relief and extra energy now that his depression has finally lifted after the treatment
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 投与が 11:50 AM と記録されています。24時間表記で同じ時刻の記載はどれですか。クリックしてください。
11:50 AM
112:50
210:50
323:50
411:50
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴は 0.5 mg/h を投与します。この投与速度 D を mcg/min で表してください。小数第1位に丸めてください。
0.5 mg/h1 mg = 1000 mcg1 h = 60 min
D = mcg/min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 60 kg で、1 回量として 10 mg/kg が指示されています。投与量 D を mg で求めなさい。
答え: C · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
これが答えになる理由
Cool running water for about 20 minutes reduces pain and depth of injury. Ice can damage tissue further, grease holds heat in, and blisters are left intact to protect the skin.
答え
C · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Open the wrapper away from the field and drop the item on it without reaching over
これが答えになる理由
The nurse opens the package so the sterile item can be dropped onto the field from a short height, without the wrapper or arms crossing over the sterile area. The item must land well inside the non-sterile border.
答え
A · Open the wrapper away from the field and drop the item on it without reaching over
答え: D · With the palms of the hands, not the fingertips
これが答えになる理由
A wet plaster cast can be dented by fingertips, causing pressure points under the cast. It is handled with the palms, supported on pillows and left uncovered to dry.
答え
D · With the palms of the hands, not the fingertips
答え: C · The infusion site, the rate and volume remaining, and the patient's symptoms
これが答えになる理由
Nurses check that the infusion is running as planned, the site has no redness or swelling, and the symptoms are controlled. Problems are acted on quickly to avoid distress.
答え
C · The infusion site, the rate and volume remaining, and the patient's symptoms
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Oxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
これが答えになる理由
Current guidance recommends oxygen in ACS only for hypoxaemia, as routine oxygen in patients with normal saturations has not been shown to help. Urgent ECG, analgesia and antiplatelet treatment remain priorities.
答え
B · Oxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · The pancreas is making very little insulin, as in type 1 diabetes
これが答えになる理由
C-peptide is cleaved from proinsulin when insulin is made, so it reflects the body's own insulin production. A very low level suggests beta-cell loss, as in type 1 diabetes; in type 2 diabetes it is often normal or high early on.確認に用いた資料:C-Peptide Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · The pancreas is making very little insulin, as in type 1 diabetes
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · "If I miss a dose, I will take two tablets the next day"
これが答えになる理由
Doubling a missed warfarin dose can raise the INR and cause bleeding; the patient should follow the prescriber's instructions, usually taking the missed dose the same day or skipping it. A steady vitamin K intake, regular INR checks and telling other providers are correct.確認に用いた資料:Warfarin (drug information) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
A · "If I miss a dose, I will take two tablets the next day"
11.薬理学
答え: D · When started within 48 hours of the first symptoms
これが答えになる理由
Neuraminidase inhibitors work best early, while the virus is multiplying. Started within 48 hours, they shorten illness; in high-risk or hospitalised patients they may still be given later.
答え
D · When started within 48 hours of the first symptoms
答え: C · Heparin is often used to stop the circuit from clotting
これが答えになる理由
Heparin is commonly used during haemodialysis to prevent clotting in the circuit. Its effect can cause prolonged bleeding from puncture sites, so procedures such as IM injections may be timed with care.
答え
C · Heparin is often used to stop the circuit from clotting
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Clamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
これが答えになる理由
In suspected air embolism, the blood lines are clamped at once, the pump stopped, and the patient positioned on the left side with the head down to trap air in the right atrium. Oxygen is given and emergency help called.
答え
C · Clamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
これが答えになる理由
Sucralfate binds to the ulcer base and forms a barrier against acid and pepsin. It works best on an empty stomach and can reduce the absorption of other drugs, so doses are separated.
答え
C · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Usually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers are usually continued around surgery because sudden withdrawal can cause rebound tachycardia and ischaemia. The patient follows the specific instructions from the preoperative assessment.
答え
B · Usually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Effective ventilation comes first; naloxone is not routine
これが答えになる理由
Opioids cross the placenta and can depress newborn breathing. Resuscitation guidelines put effective ventilation first; naloxone is not part of routine newborn resuscitation and should be avoided if the mother uses opioids long term, as it can cause acute withdrawal and seizures. Flumazenil reverses benzodiazepines, not opioids.
答え
B · Effective ventilation comes first; naloxone is not routine
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Oesophageal atresia
これが答えになる理由
If the fetus cannot swallow, as in oesophageal atresia, amniotic fluid builds up and the stomach is not seen. Renal agenesis causes the opposite, severe oligohydramnios.
答え
C · Oesophageal atresia
21.小児看護
答え: B · Careful hand hygiene by everyone in contact with the child
これが答えになる理由
Thorough hand hygiene by staff, family and the child is the single most important measure. Avoiding contact with people who are unwell, good mouth and skin care and safe food handling also help.
答え
B · Careful hand hygiene by everyone in contact with the child
22.小児看護
答え: B · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
これが答えになる理由
Rapid breakdown of tumour cells releases potassium, phosphate and nucleic acids (forming uric acid); phosphate binds calcium, lowering it. This can cause arrhythmias and kidney failure, so hydration, allopurinol or rasburicase and close monitoring are used.
答え
B · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
答え: A · A switch into mania or hypomania triggered by the antidepressant
これが答えになる理由
Antidepressants can trigger mania or hypomania in people with bipolar disorder, particularly without a mood stabiliser. The nurse reports this so the prescriber can reassess the diagnosis and treatment.
答え
A · A switch into mania or hypomania triggered by the antidepressant
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 0.5 mg/h × (1000 mcg/1 mg) × (1 h/60 min)
計算する
D = 500/60 = 8.333 ≈ 8.3 mcg/min
答え
D = 8.3 mcg/min
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 600 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
10·60 = 600 mg
答え
D = 600 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 165 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 20/min → 0
SpO₂ 99% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 150 mmHg → 0
HR 82/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 35.0 °C → 3
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 = 3
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
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