練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 500 mL のバッグをポンプで 50 mL/h で投与しています。21:00 の時点で 100 mL がすでに投与されています。バッグが空になるまであと何時間 t ですか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
500 mL100 mL 投与済み50 mL/h
t = h
33.臨床アセスメントスコアふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 練習用のチャートに GCS 5、E2、V1 と記録されています。記録された運動反応のスコア M はいくつで、どの反応を表していますか。数字で答えてください。
GCS 5E2V1
M =
34.臨床アセスメントスコアむずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある成人の体重は 51 kg、身長は 154 cm です。BMI を計算し、WHO の体重区分をクリックしてください。
51 kg154 cm
1低体重(やせ)
2普通体重
3過体重
4肥満クラスI
5肥満クラスII
6肥満クラスIII
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: C · To stop the airways and secretions from drying out
これが答えになる理由
Dry gas at high flow dries the mucous membranes and thickens secretions. Humidification keeps the airways moist and secretions easier to clear.
答え
C · To stop the airways and secretions from drying out
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Ask the patient to show how they use it
これが答えになる理由
A return demonstration shows whether a psychomotor skill has been learned and lets the nurse correct mistakes. Saying "yes, I understand" does not prove the technique is right.
答え
D · Ask the patient to show how they use it
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Head of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
これが答えになる理由
Raising the head of the bed to 30–45 degrees reduces aspiration of oral and gastric secretions into the lungs. It is part of the usual ventilator care bundle, unless contraindicated.
答え
C · Head of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · It is strongly anticholinergic and can cause confusion and falls in older adults
これが答えになる理由
First-generation antihistamines such as diphenhydramine are on the Beers list because they cause confusion, constipation, urinary retention and falls in older adults. Safer approaches to sleep should be discussed.
答え
C · It is strongly anticholinergic and can cause confusion and falls in older adults
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Write the order down and read it back to the provider to confirm it
これが答えになる理由
For telephone and verbal orders, the nurse writes down the full order and reads it back so the provider can confirm it. This “read-back” prevents errors from mishearing.
答え
A · Write the order down and read it back to the provider to confirm it
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Wash the area with soap and water
これが答えになる理由
The wound is washed with soap and water at once. The nurse then reports the injury immediately so the source patient can be tested and post-exposure treatment considered.
答え
B · Wash the area with soap and water
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Category 4
これが答えになる理由
Category 4 involves full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Category 3 is full-thickness skin loss without exposed bone or tendon. US (NPIAP) terminology calls these stages rather than categories.
Valproate can cause liver toxicity and thrombocytopenia, so liver tests and the platelet count are monitored. It can also raise ammonia; confusion or vomiting should prompt an ammonia level.確認に用いた資料:Valproic Acid · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答え
D · Liver function tests and platelet count
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · ワルファリンが十分な抗凝固作用に達するまでに、数日かかるため
これが答えになる理由
ワルファリンは、ビタミン K 依存性の新しい凝固因子の産生を阻害しますが、既存の因子は数日間残ります。そのため、INR が目標範囲に入るまで(通常は少なくとも 24 時間、最低約 5 日間のあと)、ヘパリンを重ねて投与します。
答え
C · ワルファリンが十分な抗凝固作用に達するまでに、数日かかるため
11.薬理学
答え: C · Stop the oxytocin infusion
これが答えになる理由
Excessive contractions reduce placental blood flow and cause fetal distress. The oxytocin is stopped first, then the woman is turned on her side, IV fluids and oxygen are given as per protocol and the provider is informed.
答え
C · Stop the oxytocin infusion
12.薬理学
答え: A · Low TPMT activity causes toxic levels and marrow suppression
これが答えになる理由
Thiopurine methyltransferase helps inactivate azathioprine and mercaptopurine. People with low or absent TPMT activity need much lower doses or another drug to avoid life-threatening myelosuppression.
答え
A · Low TPMT activity causes toxic levels and marrow suppression
答え: D · "If she is unconscious, I will pour juice into her mouth."
これが答えになる理由
An unconscious person cannot swallow safely, so fluids in the mouth can be aspirated. The family should put the person in the recovery position, give glucagon if trained and call for help. Once awake and able to swallow, the person eats a longer-acting carbohydrate.
答え
D · "If she is unconscious, I will pour juice into her mouth."
答え: C · Low chloride, low potassium and metabolic alkalosis
これが答えになる理由
Loss of gastric acid causes a hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis. Hypokalaemia follows from vomiting and kidney potassium loss as the body tries to save volume. Treatment includes IV saline with potassium.
答え
C · Low chloride, low potassium and metabolic alkalosis
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Early hyperglycaemia raises the risk of birth defects
これが答えになる理由
Hyperglycaemia during organogenesis increases the risk of heart, neural tube and other anomalies and of miscarriage. Good preconception control and high-dose folic acid lower this risk.
答え
A · Early hyperglycaemia raises the risk of birth defects
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Pulmonary hypoplasia
これが答えになる理由
Amniotic fluid is breathed in and out by the fetus and is needed for lung growth. Prolonged severe oligohydramnios causes pulmonary hypoplasia and limb contractures from compression.
答え
A · Pulmonary hypoplasia
21.小児看護
答え: C · Appetite falls as growth slows; offer small, healthy portions without pressure
これが答えになる理由
Growth slows after the first year, so toddlers often eat less (sometimes called physiological anorexia). Offering small portions, regular meals and snacks and avoiding battles over food is advised; too much milk can reduce appetite and cause iron deficiency.
答え
C · Appetite falls as growth slows; offer small, healthy portions without pressure
22.小児看護
答え: A · Orbital cellulitis, which needs urgent review and IV antibiotics
これが答えになる理由
Painful eye movements, reduced vision or proptosis with eyelid swelling suggest orbital cellulitis, which can spread to the brain. The child needs urgent assessment, imaging if indicated and IV antibiotics.
答え
A · Orbital cellulitis, which needs urgent review and IV antibiotics
23.精神看護
答え: D · It suggests that the patient's choices are judged against the nurse's standards
これが答えになる理由
Approval can make the patient try to please the nurse rather than make their own decisions, and may suggest that the opposite choice would be "bad". Giving recognition or exploring the decision is preferred.
答え
D · It suggests that the patient's choices are judged against the nurse's standards
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1日の容量
125 mL/h × 24 h = 3000 mL
リットルで
V = 3000/1000 = 3 L
答え
V = 3 L
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 187.5 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
30·25 = 750 mg
1 回あたり
D = 750/4 = 187.5 mg
答え
D = 187.5 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 5 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 0.5·200/20 = 5 mL
答え
V₁ = 5 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 20 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
60/60 = 1 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 1·20 = 20 gtt/min
答え
R = 20 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 100 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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