Why are patients encouraged to use an incentive spirometer after abdominal surgery?
ATo encourage deep breaths that prevent atelectasis and chest infection
BTo strengthen the abdominal muscles around the wound
CTo measure their lung function so the result can go in the discharge letter
DTo lower their heart rate before mobilising
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient has a full-thickness burn all the way round the forearm. Which complication must be watched for closely?
AHypoglycaemia caused by the body using glucose to heal the burn
BDelayed hair growth on the arm
CLoss of circulation to the hand as swelling builds under tight burned skin
DExcessive bleeding from the burn surface needing an urgent blood transfusion
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with joint aches has a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. Which statement is correct?
AA positive ANA means the patient has a viral infection
BA positive ANA supports lupus but does not diagnose it alone
CA positive ANA rules out all other autoimmune diseases
DA positive ANA proves the patient has rheumatoid arthritis
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with C. difficile diarrhea has a white cell count of 24 × 10³/µL and a creatinine that has risen to 2.1 mg/dL (186 µmol/L). What does this indicate?
ASevere C. difficile infection
BSuccessful response to treatment
CUnrelated chronic kidney disease
DMild infection needing no treatment
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient with insulin-treated diabetes is found unconscious with very low blood glucose. There is no IV access. Which drug can a trained helper give?
AIntramuscular adrenaline
BGlucagon by injection or nasal spray
COral glucose gel poured into the mouth
DRapid-acting insulin under the skin
12.薬理学むずかしい
How does levonorgestrel emergency contraception mainly work?
AIt causes an immediate period
BIt kills sperm in the vagina
CIt ends an established pregnancy
DIt delays or prevents ovulation
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How can a patient reduce wound pain when coughing after abdominal surgery?
ALie flat on the back with the legs straight
BHold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
CAvoid coughing completely until all the stitches are removed
DHold the breath for as long as possible
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Two days after coronary artery bypass surgery, a patient feels palpitations. The pulse is irregularly irregular at 140/min and BP is 112/70 mmHg. Which rhythm is most likely?
AComplete heart block
BAtrial fibrillation
CVentricular fibrillation
DSinus tachycardia
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which approach helps most when talking to a patient with expressive aphasia?
AAvoid talking to them until their speech has recovered
BAsk questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture
CSpeak louder, because the patient cannot hear well
DFinish their sentences quickly to save them effort
MUST は、体格指数、意図しない体重減少、急性疾患の影響を組み合わせて点数を出し、低栄養のリスクを示して栄養ケアの指針とします。
答え
C · 低栄養のリスク
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · An infection or significant inflammation
これが答えになる理由
A raised white cell count with fever usually means the body is fighting an infection or major inflammation. The nurse reports it and looks for the source, including sepsis.
答え
A · An infection or significant inflammation
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · To help tell a true infection from skin contamination
これが答えになる理由
If the same organism grows from both sets, it is more likely to be a true bloodstream infection. Growth in only one set may be contamination from the skin.
答え
B · To help tell a true infection from skin contamination
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Small currents can travel along the wires straight to the heart and cause arrhythmias
これが答えになる理由
Wires that lead directly to the heart allow tiny currents (microshock) to reach the myocardium and cause ventricular fibrillation. Staff wear gloves when handling them, cover exposed ends and use properly grounded equipment.
答え
C · Small currents can travel along the wires straight to the heart and cause arrhythmias
答え: A · To encourage deep breaths that prevent atelectasis and chest infection
これが答えになる理由
Shallow breathing after surgery lets alveoli collapse, causing atelectasis and pneumonia. Deep-breathing exercises with an incentive spirometer help keep the lungs expanded.
答え
A · To encourage deep breaths that prevent atelectasis and chest infection
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Loss of circulation to the hand as swelling builds under tight burned skin
これが答えになる理由
Circumferential full-thickness burns form a tight eschar that acts like a tourniquet as oedema develops. Neurovascular checks are needed, and escharotomy may be required.
答え
C · Loss of circulation to the hand as swelling builds under tight burned skin
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · A positive ANA supports lupus but does not diagnose it alone
これが答えになる理由
Almost all patients with SLE have a positive ANA, so a negative test makes lupus unlikely. However, many healthy people and patients with other conditions also have a positive ANA, so diagnosis needs the clinical picture and more specific antibodies such as anti-dsDNA.確認に用いた資料:ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
B · A positive ANA supports lupus but does not diagnose it alone
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Severe C. difficile infection
これが答えになる理由
A white count of 15 × 10³/µL or more or a creatinine above 1.5 mg/dL marks severe C. difficile infection. These patients need prompt treatment, fluid replacement and close monitoring for complications such as toxic megacolon. Contact precautions with soap-and-water hand hygiene are used.
答え
A · Severe C. difficile infection
11.薬理学
答え: B · Glucagon by injection or nasal spray
これが答えになる理由
Glucagon breaks down liver glycogen and raises blood glucose. Nothing is given by mouth to an unconscious patient because of the risk of choking and aspiration.
答え
B · Glucagon by injection or nasal spray
12.薬理学
答え: D · It delays or prevents ovulation
これが答えになる理由
Levonorgestrel emergency contraception mainly prevents or delays ovulation and does not disrupt an implanted pregnancy. Its effectiveness falls the longer it is delayed after unprotected sex.
答え
D · It delays or prevents ovulation
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
これが答えになる理由
Splinting the incision with a pillow or folded towel supports the wound, reduces pain and makes effective coughing easier. Combined with good analgesia and deep breathing, this helps clear secretions and prevents atelectasis and pneumonia.
答え
B · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Atrial fibrillation
これが答えになる理由
New atrial fibrillation affects a large proportion of patients in the first days after cardiac surgery, often due to inflammation, electrolyte shifts and stress. Management includes a 12-lead ECG, checking potassium and magnesium, rate or rhythm control and considering anticoagulation.
答え
B · Atrial fibrillation
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Ask questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture
これが答えになる理由
In expressive aphasia, comprehension is largely preserved. Short, closed questions, extra time, gestures and picture or word boards help. Shouting does not help, and constantly finishing sentences can frustrate the patient.
答え
B · Ask questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture
答え: C · To confirm that the vaccine produced immunity
これが答えになる理由
Some people do not develop protective anti-HBs antibodies after vaccination. Testing identifies non-responders, who may need further doses and advice after exposures.
答え
C · To confirm that the vaccine produced immunity
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Radiation oesophagitis; analgesia, soft food and nutrition support
これが答えになる理由
Radiotherapy to the chest can inflame the oesophagus, causing painful swallowing. Analgesia (sometimes before meals), soft moist food, nutritional supplements, dietitian input and monitoring weight are important.
答え
D · Radiation oesophagitis; analgesia, soft food and nutrition support
答え: D · Hepatitis B vaccine within hours of birth, often with immunoglobulin
これが答えになる理由
Babies of HBsAg-positive mothers get a first dose of hepatitis B vaccine soon after birth. In the US, all of them also receive hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) within 12 hours; in the UK, the vaccine is given within 24 hours and HBIG is added when the mother is highly infectious (for example HBeAg-positive or with a high viral load). Breastfeeding is not contraindicated, and the vaccine series is completed later.
答え
D · Hepatitis B vaccine within hours of birth, often with immunoglobulin
21.小児看護
答え: C · Small pieces of soft cooked vegetables
これが答えになる理由
Round, firm foods such as whole grapes, nuts and popcorn can block a young child's airway. Soft foods cut into small pieces are safer, and children should always sit down and be supervised while eating.
答え: B · Recall of three words and a clock-drawing task
これが答えになる理由
The Mini-Cog combines a three-word recall with drawing a clock face. It is a quick screen; an abnormal result needs a fuller assessment.
答え
B · Recall of three words and a clock-drawing task
24.精神看護
答え: D · Family-based treatment, in which the parents take an active role in restoring the child's eating
これが答えになる理由
Family-based treatment, which developed from the Maudsley approach, is a first-line treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Parents are supported to take charge of meals at first, before control is gradually handed back.
答え
D · Family-based treatment, in which the parents take an active role in restoring the child's eating
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 12/min → 0
SpO₂ 97% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 78 mmHg → 3
HR 82/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 37.1 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
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