According to Erikson, what is the main developmental task of older adulthood?
AIndustry versus inferiority
BTrust versus mistrust
CIntegrity versus despair
DIdentity versus role confusion
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Which patient should the nurse see first?
AA postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
BA patient who is waiting for their discharge letter and medicines
CA patient who is asking for help to walk to the toilet now
DA patient with a pain score of 3/10 whose analgesia is due in an hour
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
インスリンやヘパリンの持続注入など一部の薬に、独立したダブルチェックを行うのはなぜですか?
Aこれらの薬は無駄にすると非常に高価だから
B第二の人が別々に確認することで、見落とした誤りを発見できるから
C誤りが起きたとき、2人の看護師で責任を分担するため
D準備の過程を速くするため
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient asks for a pain tablet. The record shows none has been given, but the patient says, “The other nurse gave me one earlier.” What should the nurse do?
ACheck with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
BTell the patient they must be confused
CGive half a tablet now, to be safe, and the other half later if needed
DGive the tablet, because the record shows none was given
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A nurse teaches a patient with heart failure. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will call if my weight goes up quickly over a day or two.”
B“I will take my water tablet in the morning.”
C“I will weigh myself every morning after I use the toilet.”
D“I add extra salt to my food so it tastes better.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient has a heart rate of 38/min, feels dizzy and has a blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg. Which drug is usually given first, as prescribed?
AMetoprolol
BDigoxin
CDiltiazem
DAtropine
7.臨床看護学ふつう
How does ulcerative colitis differ from Crohn's disease?
AUlcerative colitis typically causes patchy "skip" lesions
BUlcerative colitis always affects the full thickness of the bowel wall
CUlcerative colitis affects only the colon, continuously from the rectum
DUlcerative colitis can affect any part of the gut from mouth to anus
A patient has eaten very little for 2 weeks and has received broad-spectrum antibiotics. The INR is now 2.3 without warfarin, and the platelets are normal. What is the most likely cause?
AImmune thrombocytopenia
BVitamin K deficiency
CHemophilia A
DIron-deficiency anemia
11.薬理学ふつう
Which teaching about zolpidem is correct?
ATake it right before bed, only if you can sleep a full night
BDrive soon after waking, as the drug has no next-day effect
CTake it in the morning so that it is out of the system by night
DTake it with alcohol to make it act faster
12.薬理学むずかしい
In myxoedema coma, why is hydrocortisone often given before or with thyroid hormone?
AThyroid hormone is inactive unless hydrocortisone is given
BHydrocortisone prevents the hypoglycaemia caused by levothyroxine
CHydrocortisone makes thyroid hormone work faster
DThyroid hormone can trigger adrenal crisis if cortisol is also low
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
In heart failure, why does activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system worsen symptoms over time?
AIt lowers the blood pressure to very low levels over time
BIt slows the heart rate dangerously
CIt causes sodium and water retention and vasoconstriction
DIt makes the kidneys pass too much dilute urine each day
Which task for a stroke patient can a registered nurse safely delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
ARepositioning the patient every two hours as set out in the care plan
BCarrying out the first bedside water swallow screen after admission
CTeaching the patient how to take a new anticoagulant
DAssessing a new weakness the patient reports in the leg
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which finding suggests a deep tissue pressure injury?
AIntact skin that is purple or maroon over a bony area
BPale pink skin that blanches quickly when pressed
CDry, flaky skin on both shins
DA small scratch on the skin with a little fresh red blood
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with gastric outlet obstruction has vomited repeatedly for several days. Which blood picture is most likely?
ALow chloride, low potassium and metabolic alkalosis
BHigh chloride, high potassium and metabolic acidosis
CNormal electrolytes with respiratory alkalosis
DHigh calcium, high sodium and respiratory acidosis
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
妊娠 32 週で子宮底長が 37 cm でした。どの説明を考えるべきですか?
A多胎妊娠または羊水過多
B羊水過少
C胎児発育不全
D胎児が骨盤内に下降した
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A newborn in the first hours sneezes, has a high-pitched cry, tremors and loose stools. The mother took opioids throughout pregnancy. Which intervention is most appropriate first?
AGiving naloxone to reverse the opioids
BA quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds
CBright lights and frequent handling to keep the baby awake
DWithholding feeds until the symptoms settle
21.小児看護ふつう
Which finding is an early sign of shock in a child?
ALow blood pressure with a slow heart rate and pauses in breathing
BSlow, deep breathing with a normal heart rate
CA warm, flushed child with a strong, bounding pulse
DA fast heart rate with a prolonged capillary refill
In late adulthood people review their lives. A sense of meaning brings integrity, while regret can lead to despair. Reminiscence can support this stage.
答え
C · Integrity versus despair
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
これが答えになる理由
Low saturation with a high respiratory rate shows a breathing problem that could worsen quickly. The other needs are real but not urgent.
答え
A · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
答え: A · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
これが答えになる理由
Undocumented doses can lead to double dosing. The nurse checks with colleagues and the dispensing records, then gives the drug only once it is clear whether a dose was given.
答え
A · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · “I add extra salt to my food so it tastes better.”
これが答えになる理由
Salt causes fluid retention and can worsen heart failure. Daily weights, reporting rapid weight gain and taking diuretics in the morning are all correct.
答え
D · “I add extra salt to my food so it tastes better.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Atropine
これが答えになる理由
Atropine is the first-line drug for symptomatic bradycardia. Metoprolol, digoxin and diltiazem slow the heart and would make things worse; pacing may be needed if atropine does not work.
答え
D · Atropine
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Ulcerative colitis affects only the colon, continuously from the rectum
これが答えになる理由
Ulcerative colitis involves the mucosa of the colon, spreading continuously from the rectum. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the GI tract, is transmural and has skip lesions.
答え
C · Ulcerative colitis affects only the colon, continuously from the rectum
Vitamin K comes from the diet and from gut bacteria. Poor intake plus antibiotics can cause vitamin K deficiency, which lowers factors II, VII, IX and X and prolongs the PT/INR. Vitamin K replacement corrects it.
答え
B · Vitamin K deficiency
11.薬理学
答え: A · Take it right before bed, only if you can sleep a full night
これが答えになる理由
Zolpidem can cause next-day impairment and complex sleep behaviours such as sleep-walking or sleep-driving. Alcohol and other sedatives increase these risks.
答え
A · Take it right before bed, only if you can sleep a full night
12.薬理学
答え: D · Thyroid hormone can trigger adrenal crisis if cortisol is also low
これが答えになる理由
Restoring thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate and cortisol clearance. If adrenal reserve is also low, this can precipitate adrenal crisis, so steroid cover is given until adrenal insufficiency is excluded.
答え
D · Thyroid hormone can trigger adrenal crisis if cortisol is also low
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · It causes sodium and water retention and vasoconstriction
これが答えになる理由
Reduced cardiac output activates RAAS and the sympathetic system. Angiotensin II constricts vessels (raising afterload) and aldosterone retains sodium and water (raising preload and congestion). ACE inhibitors, ARBs, mineralocorticoid antagonists and beta-blockers block these harmful loops.
答え
C · It causes sodium and water retention and vasoconstriction
When a weak arm drifts down and turns palm-down (pronates), it suggests a mild upper motor neuron weakness, for example from a stroke. It can detect weakness that is not obvious on routine testing.
答え
D · Subtle weakness in one arm
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Repositioning the patient every two hours as set out in the care plan
これが答えになる理由
Repositioning to a set plan is a routine task that trained assistants can carry out. Swallow screening, assessing new symptoms and medication teaching need the nurse's clinical judgement and stay with the registered nurse.
答え
A · Repositioning the patient every two hours as set out in the care plan
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Intact skin that is purple or maroon over a bony area
これが答えになる理由
A deep tissue injury appears as persistent purple, maroon or dark discolouration, or a blood-filled blister, from pressure and shear on underlying tissue. It may quickly turn into a deep wound.
答え
A · Intact skin that is purple or maroon over a bony area
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Low chloride, low potassium and metabolic alkalosis
これが答えになる理由
Loss of gastric acid causes a hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis. Hypokalaemia follows from vomiting and kidney potassium loss as the body tries to save volume. Treatment includes IV saline with potassium.
答え
A · Low chloride, low potassium and metabolic alkalosis
答え: B · A quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds
これが答えになる理由
Neonatal abstinence (withdrawal) is managed first with non-drug care: low stimulation, swaddling, skin-to-skin, responsive feeding and rooming-in. Medication is added if scores stay high. Naloxone can precipitate seizures.
答え
B · A quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds
21.小児看護
答え: D · A fast heart rate with a prolonged capillary refill
これが答えになる理由
Children maintain their blood pressure until late in shock. Early signs include tachycardia, prolonged capillary refill, cool peripheries, reduced urine output and changes in behaviour.
答え
D · A fast heart rate with a prolonged capillary refill
答え: A · Arrange regular, planned contacts, assess any new symptoms and focus conversations on feelings and coping
これが答えになる理由
Scheduled contact reduces the need to report symptoms to get attention. New symptoms must still be assessed, because physical illness can occur, but the focus shifts towards stress, feelings and coping skills.
答え
A · Arrange regular, planned contacts, assess any new symptoms and focus conversations on feelings and coping
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 36.4 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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