A patient with a COPD exacerbation remains acidotic with a high PaCO2 despite optimal medical treatment and controlled oxygen. Which treatment is usually considered next?
AStopping all oxygen therapy
BNon-invasive ventilation
C15 L/min oxygen via a non-rebreathe mask
DSedation to slow the breathing
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with an upper gastrointestinal bleed has a BUN of 48 mg/dL (urea 17 mmol/L) and a normal creatinine. What is the most likely explanation?
AThe liver has stopped making urea because of the bleeding
BDigested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
CSkeletal muscle is breaking down because of the blood loss
DThe kidneys have suddenly lost most of their function
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient on stable digoxin starts amiodarone. A week later, the patient has nausea and visual changes, and the digoxin level is above the range. What is the most likely explanation?
AAmiodarone has lowered potassium only
BDigoxin has raised the amiodarone level
CAmiodarone has raised the digoxin level
DThe patient has started a viral illness
11.薬理学ふつう
メトプロロールなどの β 遮断薬が主に遮断する受容体は?
A血管の α1 受容体
B心臓の β1 アドレナリン受容体
C心臓のムスカリン受容体
D脂肪組織の β3 受容体
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient develops a dry cough on an ACE inhibitor and is switched to losartan. Why is losartan less likely to cause cough?
AIt does not block the breakdown of bradykinin
BIt also acts as a bronchodilator
CIt is excreted faster by the kidney
DIt blocks histamine receptors in the airways
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
上室性頻拍の患者に、アデノシンの静注を行う予定です。看護師は何について説明しておくべきですか?
A約1週間続く腕の静脈に沿った焼けるような痛み
Bその後の数時間にわたる眠気、呂律の回らなさ、錯乱
C一時的な顔面紅潮や胸部の締めつけ感と、数秒間の心停止
Dその後、数日間続く頭痛
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
During a cardiac arrest, the monitor shows an organised rhythm, but there is no pulse. What should the team do?
ADeliver an unsynchronised shock at once and then check the pulse
BStop CPR, because an organised rhythm on the monitor means recovery
CContinue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
A woman with active genital herpes lesions is admitted in early labour with intact membranes. What should the nurse expect?
AA fetal scalp electrode for close monitoring
BRupture of the membranes to speed up labour
CA vaginal birth with no special precautions
DA caesarean birth to reduce the risk of neonatal herpes
21.小児看護ふつう
A child's tonic–clonic seizure has lasted more than 5 minutes. What should the nurse do?
AWait another 15 minutes, because most seizures stop on their own
BPut a tongue depressor between the child's teeth
CHold the child's arms and legs firmly to stop the movements
DGive the prescribed rescue medicine and call for emergency help
22.小児看護むずかしい
Five minutes after IM adrenaline for anaphylaxis, a child is still wheezing and has a low blood pressure. What should the nurse do?
AGive an oral antihistamine and a steroid instead of more adrenaline
BWait 30 minutes for the first dose of adrenaline to take its full effect
CGive a further dose of IM adrenaline as per protocol and call for advanced help
DSit the child up and walk her around to raise the blood pressure
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient with psychosis says, "There's a man standing in the corner." The nurse sees no one there. Which response uses presenting reality?
A"What does the man in the corner look like?"
B"That's just your illness talking, so there's nothing to worry about. Try to think of something else."
C"I don't see anyone in the corner, but I know it seems real to you."
D"The man will go away if you ignore him."
24.精神看護むずかしい
A man with gambling disorder has lost his savings and has large debts. He tells the nurse, "My family would be better off without me." What should the nurse do?
AReassure him that his family will forgive him
BChange the subject to his gambling triggers and how to avoid the betting shop
CFocus only on helping him create a budget
DAsk directly about suicidal thoughts and plans, and assess his risk
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 221.639 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
答え: B · Press over a bony area such as the shin for a few seconds and look for a dent
これが答えになる理由
Pressing over a bony surface pushes fluid out of the tissue; a dent that stays shows pitting oedema. Its depth and how long it lasts are recorded.
答え
B · Press over a bony area such as the shin for a few seconds and look for a dent
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Write it now as a late entry, stating when it was given
これが答えになる理由
Late entries are clearly marked as such, showing both when care was given and when the note was written. This keeps the record accurate and prevents a second dose being given.
答え
D · Write it now as a late entry, stating when it was given
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · The front from chest to the level of the sterile field, and the sleeves
これが答えになる理由
Only the front of the gown from chest to the level of the sterile field and the sleeves from above the elbow to the cuffs are sterile. The back, the neckline and anything below the sterile field are non-sterile.
答え
C · The front from chest to the level of the sterile field, and the sleeves
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
これが答えになる理由
There is no vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis C. The exposure is reported, baseline tests are taken and follow-up testing identifies infection early, because effective treatment is available.
答え
B · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · IV isotonic fluid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
これが答えになる理由
Patients with DKA are severely dehydrated, so IV isotonic fluid is started first. IV insulin follows, with close monitoring of potassium, which can fall quickly.
答え
C · IV isotonic fluid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Take blood cultures
これが答えになる理由
Blood cultures are taken before the first antibiotic dose when this does not cause significant delay, so the organism can be identified. The antibiotic follows as soon as possible.
In hypercapnic respiratory failure from COPD that persists despite treatment, non-invasive ventilation (bilevel positive pressure) supports ventilation and lowers PaCO2. Stopping oxygen would cause dangerous hypoxia.
答え
B · Non-invasive ventilation
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Digested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
これが答えになる理由
Blood in the upper gut is digested, and the absorbed protein is converted to urea, so the BUN rises out of proportion to the creatinine. Reduced kidney blood flow from volume loss can add to the rise.確認に用いた資料:BUN - blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
B · Digested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Amiodarone has raised the digoxin level
これが答えになる理由
Amiodarone reduces digoxin clearance, so the level can rise significantly, and the digoxin dose is often reduced when amiodarone is started. Nausea and visual changes are classic signs of digoxin toxicity.
答え
C · Amiodarone has raised the digoxin level
11.薬理学
答え: B · 心臓の β1 アドレナリン受容体
これが答えになる理由
心臓選択性 β 遮断薬は β1 受容体を遮断し、心拍数、収縮力、レニン分泌を低下させます。
答え
B · 心臓の β1 アドレナリン受容体
12.薬理学
答え: A · It does not block the breakdown of bradykinin
これが答えになる理由
ACE (kininase II) breaks down bradykinin, so ACE inhibitors raise bradykinin, which can cause cough and angioedema. ARBs block the angiotensin II receptor without affecting bradykinin breakdown.
答え: C · Continue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
これが答えになる理由
Pulseless electrical activity is a non-shockable rhythm. Treatment is high-quality CPR, adrenaline as soon as possible and repeated, and a search for reversible causes (the 4 Hs and 4 Ts, such as hypoxia, hypovolaemia, tension pneumothorax and tamponade). Shocks are only for VF and pulseless VT.
答え
C · Continue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
答え: C · Treatment before the main treatment, often to shrink the tumour
これが答えになる理由
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy is given before surgery to shrink the tumour, which may make surgery easier or allow less extensive surgery. Adjuvant therapy follows surgery.
答え
C · Treatment before the main treatment, often to shrink the tumour
答え: D · A caesarean birth to reduce the risk of neonatal herpes
これが答えになる理由
Active genital lesions or prodromal symptoms at the onset of labour are an indication for caesarean birth because neonatal herpes can be severe. Invasive procedures such as scalp electrodes are avoided.
答え
D · A caesarean birth to reduce the risk of neonatal herpes
21.小児看護
答え: D · Give the prescribed rescue medicine and call for emergency help
これが答えになる理由
A seizure lasting 5 minutes or more is treated as possible status epilepticus. Rescue medicine such as buccal or intranasal midazolam, or rectal or intranasal diazepam, is given according to the care plan, and emergency help is called. The child is never restrained and nothing is put in the mouth.
答え
D · Give the prescribed rescue medicine and call for emergency help
22.小児看護
答え: C · Give a further dose of IM adrenaline as per protocol and call for advanced help
これが答えになる理由
IM adrenaline can be repeated after about 5 minutes if signs persist. Help is called, the child lies flat (with legs raised if tolerated, or sitting if breathing is difficult), and oxygen and IV fluids are given. Standing or walking can cause collapse.
答え
C · Give a further dose of IM adrenaline as per protocol and call for advanced help
23.精神看護
答え: C · "I don't see anyone in the corner, but I know it seems real to you."
これが答えになる理由
Presenting reality calmly states the nurse's own perception while accepting that the experience feels real to the patient. It neither confirms the hallucination nor argues with the patient.
答え
C · "I don't see anyone in the corner, but I know it seems real to you."
24.精神看護
答え: D · Ask directly about suicidal thoughts and plans, and assess his risk
これが答えになる理由
Gambling disorder is associated with a raised risk of suicide, especially with debt, shame and hopelessness. The statement is a warning sign that needs direct questions and risk assessment.
答え
D · Ask directly about suicidal thoughts and plans, and assess his risk
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
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