答え: B · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
これが答えになる理由
The angle depends on needle length and body fat. A short needle at 90 degrees suits most adults; in thin patients a pinch of skin or a 45-degree angle avoids reaching muscle.
答え
B · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Helping a stable patient walk to the bathroom
これが答えになる理由
Routine help with care for a stable patient can be delegated. Assessment, teaching and evaluation need registered nurse judgement.
答え
D · Helping a stable patient walk to the bathroom
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Regular oral care to reduce bacteria in the mouth
これが答えになる理由
Oral care, including tooth brushing, reduces the bacteria that can be aspirated around the endotracheal tube. It is part of ventilator care along with head elevation and sedation review.
答え
B · Regular oral care to reduce bacteria in the mouth
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
これが答えになる理由
In a potentially violent situation, the nurse keeps a safe distance and a clear path to the door, uses calm, simple words and gets help early. Touching or arguing with an agitated person can make things worse.
答え
D · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
Eyes open to pain scores 2, inappropriate words score 3 and withdrawal from pain scores 4, giving 9. A score of 8 or less often means the patient cannot protect their airway.
答え
D · 9
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · To detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
これが答えになる理由
Diabetic retinopathy often has no symptoms until it is advanced. Screening allows early treatment that can prevent blindness.
答え
D · To detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
TACO is fluid overload, often in older adults or those with heart or kidney disease. It causes dyspnea, crackles, hypertension, distended neck veins and a raised BNP. The transfusion is stopped, the patient is sat up and diuretics may be prescribed.
答え
A · Crackles, hypertension and a raised BNP
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Cloudy fluid, low glucose, high protein, many neutrophils
これが答えになる理由
Bacterial meningitis typically gives cloudy CSF with many neutrophils, high protein and low glucose, because bacteria and white cells use glucose. Viral meningitis usually shows lymphocytes with a normal glucose; option C is normal CSF.確認に用いた資料:CSF glucose test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); CSF cell count · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); CSF total protein · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
D · Cloudy fluid, low glucose, high protein, many neutrophils
答え: B · More drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
これが答えになる理由
In cirrhosis, less of the oral dose is removed by the liver on its first pass, partly because blood bypasses the liver through shunts. Bioavailability and plasma levels rise, so doses of such drugs often need to be reduced.
答え
B · More drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
答え: C · Call clearly for everyone to stand clear and check before the shock
これが答えになる理由
Before every shock, the operator states a clear warning, checks that nobody is touching the patient or bed and that oxygen is moved away from the chest. Compressions continue during charging in many protocols, then everyone stands clear for the shock. Touching the bed can conduct current to staff.
答え
C · Call clearly for everyone to stand clear and check before the shock
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Check glucose before and after, and carry fast-acting carbohydrate
これが答えになる理由
Exercise increases glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity, so hypos can occur during and for hours after activity. Checking glucose, carrying carbohydrate and, if advised, adjusting insulin or food reduce the risk.
答え
D · Check glucose before and after, and carry fast-acting carbohydrate
答え: A · Fistulas between the bowel and other organs
これが答えになる理由
Transmural inflammation in Crohn's disease can create fistulas, abscesses and strictures. Ulcerative colitis is mucosal, and removing the colon and rectum is curative.
答え
A · Fistulas between the bowel and other organs
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
これが答えになる理由
Older age and a previous ulcer greatly increase NSAID-related bleeding. Safer options are considered first; if an NSAID is needed, the lowest effective dose for the shortest time is used with gastroprotection such as a PPI.
答え
A · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Full flexion, with the chin on the chest
これが答えになる理由
When the head is fully flexed, the suboccipitobregmatic diameter of about 9.5 cm presents. Extension, as in brow and face presentations, presents larger diameters and can obstruct labour.
答え
D · Full flexion, with the chin on the chest
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Check whether the head is visible and stay with her
これが答えになる理由
A strong urge to push and rectal pressure suggest full dilation or imminent birth. The nurse stays, checks for crowning, calls for help and prepares for birth. Opioids close to birth can depress the newborn's breathing.
答え
B · Check whether the head is visible and stay with her
21.小児看護
答え: A · Continue breastfeeding, and give oral rehydration solution as advised
これが答えになる理由
Breastfeeding should continue during gastroenteritis, with oral rehydration solution added when there are signs of dehydration. Withholding feeds slows recovery and juice can worsen diarrhoea.
答え
A · Continue breastfeeding, and give oral rehydration solution as advised
22.小児看護
答え: A · A catheter-related bloodstream infection
これが答えになる理由
Fever and rigors linked to flushing or use of a central line strongly suggest line infection. Blood cultures are taken (often from the line and a peripheral vein) and IV antibiotics are started urgently, especially if the child is neutropenic.
答え
A · A catheter-related bloodstream infection
23.精神看護
答え: C · Increased sedation and respiratory depression
これが答えになる理由
Combining opioids with benzodiazepines greatly increases the risk of sedation, respiratory depression and death. Patients are monitored and taught to avoid alcohol and other sedatives.
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
9/5を掛ける
39.6·9/5 = 71.28
32を足す
T = 71.28 + 32 = 103.3 °F
答え
T = 103.3 °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: N = 6
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
合計容量
10 mL × 2 × 14 = 280 mL
ボトル
280/50 = 5.6 → N = 6
答え
N = 6
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 21/min → 2
SpO₂ 90% → 3
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 112 mmHg → 0
HR 126/min → 2
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 39.6 °C → 2
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 2 + 3 + 2 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 2 = 11
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
高
答え
高
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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