A nurse teaches a patient going home with an MRSA wound infection. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will keep the wound covered with a clean, dry dressing.”
B“I will wash my hands after touching my dressing.”
C“I will put used dressings in a sealed bag before throwing them out.”
D“I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient taking lithium has vomiting, diarrhea and a new coarse tremor. What should the nurse do?
AHold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
BGive the dose with food to reduce the stomach upset
CEncourage the patient to cut down on salt and fluids
DReassure the patient that a coarse tremor is expected at first
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
After surgery, a patient who has taken long-term steroids becomes hypotensive and weak, and the blood pressure does not rise with IV fluids. Which problem should the nurse suspect?
AAdrenal crisis from steroid withdrawal
BAn allergic reaction to the anesthetic
CNormal tiredness after anesthesia
DFluid overload from too much IV fluid
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which tool is commonly used at the bedside to screen for delirium?
AThe Glasgow-Blatchford score
BThe Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool
CThe Braden scale
DThe Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Why can sepsis be missed in older adults?
ABlood tests are not useful in older people
BOlder adults always have a very high fever
CThey may have no fever and present with confusion, falls or reduced mobility
DOlder adults cannot develop sepsis because their immune system is weaker
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A healthy patient's result is slightly outside the laboratory reference range, and all other results are normal. Which statement best explains why this can happen?
ARanges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside
BReference ranges are the same in every laboratory worldwide
CReference ranges include every healthy person without exception
DAny result outside the range always means disease is present
A patient starting sulfasalazine should be told about which harmless effect?
AOrange-yellow colouring of the urine
BGreen colouring of the sweat
CWhite spots on the nails
DBlue colouring of the tongue and gums
12.薬理学むずかしい
A breastfeeding mother needs a mild analgesic. Which drug is generally considered compatible with breastfeeding?
AParacetamol (acetaminophen)
BAspirin
CPethidine (meperidine)
DCodeine (as co-codamol)
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why must inspired air be humidified for a patient with a tracheostomy?
ADry air is needed to stop secretions forming in the trachea
BHumidification prevents the cuff from deflating
CHumidified air contains more oxygen than dry air at the same flow
DThe nose and upper airway, which warm and moisten air, are bypassed
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
After intubation, breath sounds are heard on the right side of the chest but not the left. What is the most likely cause?
AThe tube has entered the right main bronchus
BThe left lung has completely filled with fluid
CThe tube has entered the oesophagus
DThe tube cuff has burst during insertion
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Several hours after a carotid endarterectomy, which finding needs the most urgent action?
AA small amount of dried blood on the dressing
BAn expanding neck swelling with noisy breathing
CA blood pressure slightly above the baseline
DMild pain at the incision site
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Which patient on a stroke unit is most at risk of falling?
AA patient with a left-hemisphere stroke who has expressive aphasia and waits for help
BA patient with a right-hemisphere stroke who is impulsive and denies having weakness
CA patient with a TIA whose symptoms resolved completely yesterday
DA patient with mild dysarthria who walks steadily with a frame
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
患者が咳をするときに、枕で腹部の創を支えるよう指導されるのはなぜですか?
A痛みと負担が減り、しっかり咳ができるから
B咳が弱くなり、創にリスクがかからないから
C定期的な鎮痛の必要がなくなるから
D皮膚の縁の治癒が早まるから
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
During burn resuscitation, a 70 kg adult's urine output has been 120 mL/h for 3 hours, and the face and limbs are very oedematous. What should the nurse do?
AStop all IV fluids completely and remove the catheter
BGive a diuretic without discussing it
CIncrease the fluid rate to keep the output high
DDiscuss reducing the fluid rate with the team
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
産後 6 日目に予想される悪露の所見はどれですか?
Aピンク色から褐色の分泌物(漿液性悪露)
B分泌物がまったくない
C大きな凝血を伴う鮮紅色の分泌物
D緑色で悪臭のある分泌物
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A multiparous woman arrives with strong contractions and the baby is born within an hour of their onset. What should the nurse monitor closely afterwards?
AOnly the newborn's blood glucose
BOnly the mother's temperature
CThe mother's ability to walk alone
DUterine tone, bleeding and newborn injury
21.小児看護ふつう
Which group of findings suggests Kawasaki disease?
AFever with an itchy vesicular rash that starts on the trunk, spreads outwards and crusts over within days
BLow-grade fever, a barking cough and stridor that are worse at night
CHigh fever for 3 days, then a pink rash as the fever settles
DFever for at least 5 days, red eyes without discharge, cracked red lips and swollen hands and feet
22.小児看護むずかしい
生後 9 か月児の所見のうち、最も速やかな発達のフォローアップが必要なものはどれですか?
A赤ちゃんが片方の手しか使わず、もう片方を無視する
B赤ちゃんが人見知りをする
C赤ちゃんがまだはっきりした言葉を言えない
D赤ちゃんがまだ歩けない
23.精神看護ふつう
An older man has poor concentration, memory complaints and low mood that started after his wife died. Why is careful assessment important?
AMemory complaints in older adults are always caused by dementia
BLow mood after the loss of a partner is always normal grief and never needs any assessment
COlder adults cannot be treated for depression
DDepression in older adults can look like dementia and is treatable
24.精神看護むずかしい
Which patient should the nurse check first?
AA patient with depression who is asking for help to phone his mother
BA patient with schizophrenia who wants a cigarette break in the garden
CA patient given IM haloperidol and lorazepam 30 minutes ago who is hard to rouse, breathing 8/min
DA patient with OCD who is late for breakfast because of a long washing ritual in the bathroom
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の身長は 163 cm です。1 in = 2.54 cm を使って、身長 h をインチで求めてください。小数第1位に丸めてください。
163 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 18:40 に始まり、翌朝の 04:35 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何分 t 続きましたか。
18:4004:35
t = min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
アドレナリン(エピネフリン)のプレフィルドシリンジに 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)と表示されています。指示は心停止に対する 1 mg の静注(IV)です。投与する量 V はいくらですか?
1:10 0001 mg
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
20%(w/v)の原液から 2%(w/v)の溶液を 100 mL 調製する必要があります。 原液は何 mL V₁ 必要ですか?
C₁ = 20%C₂ = 2%V₂ = 100 mL
V₁ = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
40 mL/h での輸液が指示されていますが、ポンプがありません。15 滴/mL の輸液セットを使って自然落下で投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
40 mL/h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
100 mg を 250 mL に含む輸液が 20 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 分あたり何マイクログラム D を受け取りますか?
100 mg/250 mL20 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 105 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
105 kg8 h尿: 400 mL尿: 175 mL尿: 250 mL尿: 300 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.輸液と水分出納むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 1000 mL のバッグを 10:00 に開始し、ポンプで 80 mL/h で投与しています。16:00 の時点でバッグには何 mL V 残っていますか?
答え: D · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
これが答えになる理由
MRSA spreads by direct contact and shared items, so towels, razors and linen should not be shared. Hand hygiene, covering the wound and bagging dressings are correct.
答え
D · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
これが答えになる理由
Vomiting, diarrhea and a coarse tremor suggest lithium toxicity. The nurse holds the dose and reports so a serum level can be checked; low salt or fluid intake raises lithium levels further.
答え
A · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Adrenal crisis from steroid withdrawal
これが答えになる理由
Patients on long-term steroids may not make enough cortisol to cope with surgical stress. Refractory hypotension suggests adrenal crisis, which needs urgent IV hydrocortisone as prescribed.
答え
A · Adrenal crisis from steroid withdrawal
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
これが答えになる理由
The CAM, and similar tools such as the 4AT, check for an acute onset or fluctuating course, inattention and disorganised thinking or altered consciousness. Early detection allows causes to be treated.
答え
D · The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · They may have no fever and present with confusion, falls or reduced mobility
これが答えになる理由
Older people may have a normal or low temperature and present with delirium, falls or general decline. Early warning scores and a high index of suspicion are important.
答え
C · They may have no fever and present with confusion, falls or reduced mobility
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Ranges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside
これが答えになる理由
A reference range is usually the central 95% of results from a healthy population, so about 1 in 20 healthy people will have a value just outside it. The result is interpreted with the clinical picture and previous values, and repeated if needed.確認に用いた資料:How to Understand Your Lab Results · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Ranges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside
Sulfasalazine can colour urine and sometimes skin and contact lenses orange-yellow. More serious adverse effects include blood disorders and rash, so blood counts are monitored.
答え
A · Orange-yellow colouring of the urine
12.薬理学
答え: A · Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
これが答えになる理由
Paracetamol passes into milk in small amounts and is widely regarded as safe. Codeine can cause dangerous opioid levels in babies of ultra-rapid metaboliser mothers, aspirin carries a Reye's risk and pethidine's metabolite accumulates in infants.
答え
A · Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · The nose and upper airway, which warm and moisten air, are bypassed
これが答えになる理由
The tracheostomy bypasses the nose, mouth and pharynx, which warm, filter and humidify air. Without humidification, secretions become thick and can block the tube. Heat and moisture exchangers, humidified oxygen and nebulised saline are used.
答え
D · The nose and upper airway, which warm and moisten air, are bypassed
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · The tube has entered the right main bronchus
これが答えになる理由
The right main bronchus is more in line with the trachea, so a tube pushed too far usually enters it and only the right lung is ventilated. The tube is withdrawn slightly by the team and position is rechecked. Oesophageal intubation gives no breath sounds and gastric gurgling.
答え
A · The tube has entered the right main bronchus
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · An expanding neck swelling with noisy breathing
これが答えになる理由
A neck haematoma after carotid surgery can compress the airway quickly. It needs immediate senior help and may need the wound opened. Neurological checks for new stroke and cranial nerve damage are also part of routine care.
答え
B · An expanding neck swelling with noisy breathing
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · A patient with a right-hemisphere stroke who is impulsive and denies having weakness
これが答えになる理由
Right-hemisphere strokes often cause left-sided neglect, poor judgement, impulsivity and denial of the deficit. These patients may try to get up alone. Patients with left-hemisphere strokes are often more cautious.
答え
B · A patient with a right-hemisphere stroke who is impulsive and denies having weakness
答え: D · Discuss reducing the fluid rate with the team
これが答えになる理由
An output of about 1.7 mL/kg/h suggests over-resuscitation. Excess fluid ("fluid creep") worsens oedema and can cause pulmonary oedema and compartment syndromes, so the rate is reviewed and reduced under the burn protocol.
Precipitous labour increases the risk of cervical and perineal tears, uterine atony and haemorrhage, and of newborn injuries such as bruising or intracranial bleeding.
答え
D · Uterine tone, bleeding and newborn injury
21.小児看護
答え: D · Fever for at least 5 days, red eyes without discharge, cracked red lips and swollen hands and feet
これが答えになる理由
Kawasaki disease causes persistent fever plus features such as non-purulent conjunctivitis, red cracked lips and strawberry tongue, rash, swollen hands and feet and enlarged neck lymph nodes. The other options describe croup, chickenpox and roseola.
答え
D · Fever for at least 5 days, red eyes without discharge, cracked red lips and swollen hands and feet
答え: D · Depression in older adults can look like dementia and is treatable
これが答えになる理由
Depression can cause slowed thinking and poor concentration that resemble dementia, sometimes called pseudodementia. Unlike dementia, the cognitive problems usually improve when the depression is treated.
答え
D · Depression in older adults can look like dementia and is treatable
24.精神看護
答え: C · A patient given IM haloperidol and lorazepam 30 minutes ago who is hard to rouse, breathing 8/min
これが答えになる理由
Over-sedation with respiratory depression after rapid tranquillisation is a medical emergency. Airway, breathing and vital signs are checked immediately, and help is called.
答え
C · A patient given IM haloperidol and lorazepam 30 minutes ago who is hard to rouse, breathing 8/min
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 64.2 in
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 2·100/20 = 10 mL
答え
V₁ = 10 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 10 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
40/60 = 0.6667 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 0.6667·15 = 10 gtt/min
答え
R = 10 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: D = 133.3 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 32/min → 3
SpO₂ 91% → 3
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 78 mmHg → 3
HR 88/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 36.0 °C → 1
足す
NEWS2 = 3 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 12
答え
NEWS2 = 12
34.臨床アセスメントスコア
答え: 低
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 18/min → 0
SpO₂ 99% → 0
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 112 mmHg → 0
HR 82/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 37.0 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 2
3点のパラメータはありません。
リスク群
低
答え
低
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