Which treatment is recommended first-line for chronic insomnia in adults?
AStaying in bed for longer each morning
BDrinking alcohol in the evening to fall asleep
CLong-term daily benzodiazepines
DCognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient has had delusions and hallucinations for a year. For most of this time he has also had episodes of major depression, but for at least two weeks at a time his psychotic symptoms continued without any mood symptoms. Which diagnosis best fits this pattern?
答え: B · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
これが答えになる理由
Negative pressure draws air into the room and out through filtered exhaust. It is used for airborne infections such as tuberculosis; positive pressure is used to protect patients with very weak immunity.
答え
B · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
これが答えになる理由
Severe reactions, such as ABO incompatibility and anaphylaxis, often appear soon after starting. Observations before, at about 15 minutes and at the end, plus close watching, allow early action.
答え
A · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Set it up just before the procedure, because a waiting field may become contaminated
これが答えになる理由
The longer a sterile field is exposed, the more likely it is to be contaminated, and an unattended field cannot be considered sterile. It is prepared just before use.
答え
B · Set it up just before the procedure, because a waiting field may become contaminated
答え: A · Stop the heparin infusion and inform the provider
これが答えになる理由
Black, tarry stools suggest upper GI bleeding, and a high aPTT shows too much anticoagulation. The nurse stops the heparin, checks vital signs and informs the provider, who may prescribe protamine sulfate. Vitamin K reverses warfarin, not heparin.
答え
A · Stop the heparin infusion and inform the provider
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Trachea shifted away from the affected side, with low blood pressure
これが答えになる理由
In tension pneumothorax, trapped air pushes the mediastinum to the other side, reducing venous return and blood pressure. It is life-threatening and needs immediate decompression.
答え
D · Trachea shifted away from the affected side, with low blood pressure
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · That the cannula is intact, and apply pressure until bleeding stops
これが答えになる理由
The nurse checks that the whole cannula has been removed, applies pressure and a dressing, and records the removal. Any signs of phlebitis are noted.
答え
A · That the cannula is intact, and apply pressure until bleeding stops
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · "I only need to weigh myself once a month."
これが答えになる理由
Daily weights at the same time with the same scales detect fluid retention early. A rapid gain, worsening breathlessness or needing more pillows should be reported.
答え
B · "I only need to weigh myself once a month."
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · At least 6–8 hours after a dose, often just before the next one
これが答えになる理由
Digoxin distributes slowly from blood to tissues, so a sample taken too soon after a dose is falsely high. Levels are drawn at least 6–8 hours after a dose, commonly as a trough before the next dose.
答え
B · At least 6–8 hours after a dose, often just before the next one
答え: D · An angiotensin II receptor blocker such as losartan
これが答えになる理由
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ending in -sartan) block the effects of angiotensin II without inhibiting ACE, so bradykinin does not build up and cough is much less common. They share other effects, such as raising potassium, and ACE inhibitors and ARBs are not normally combined.
答え
D · An angiotensin II receptor blocker such as losartan
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Call clearly for everyone to stand clear and check before the shock
これが答えになる理由
Before every shock, the operator states a clear warning, checks that nobody is touching the patient or bed and that oxygen is moved away from the chest. Compressions continue during charging in many protocols, then everyone stands clear for the shock. Touching the bed can conduct current to staff.
答え
A · Call clearly for everyone to stand clear and check before the shock
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Subtle weakness in one arm
これが答えになる理由
When a weak arm drifts down and turns palm-down (pronates), it suggests a mild upper motor neuron weakness, for example from a stroke. It can detect weakness that is not obvious on routine testing.
答え
B · Subtle weakness in one arm
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · "I will buy corn plasters from the pharmacy for my corn."
これが答えになる理由
Medicated corn plasters contain acids that can burn the skin and cause ulcers in people with neuropathy or poor circulation. Corns and calluses should be treated by a podiatrist.
答え
C · "I will buy corn plasters from the pharmacy for my corn."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · The wound is colonised; antibiotics are not usually needed
これが答えになる理由
Bacteria on the surface without clinical signs of infection is colonisation. Antibiotics are guided by clinical signs such as spreading redness, pain, heat, pus or systemic illness, not by a swab alone.
答え
D · The wound is colonised; antibiotics are not usually needed
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Withhold strong compression and discuss urgent vascular referral
これが答えになる理由
An ABPI of 0.5 suggests severe arterial disease, and strong compression could cause limb ischaemia. The nurse raises the concern and the patient is referred to vascular specialists.
答え
D · Withhold strong compression and discuss urgent vascular referral
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Restitution, external rotation, expulsion
これが答えになる理由
After extension delivers the head, it rotates back into line with the shoulders (restitution), then rotates further as the shoulders turn (external rotation), and finally the body is born (expulsion).
答え
A · Restitution, external rotation, expulsion
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Severe fetal anaemia
これが答えになる理由
A sinusoidal pattern is a regular, smooth undulating rhythm without variability. It is associated with severe fetal anaemia, for example from isoimmunisation or fetomaternal haemorrhage, and needs urgent evaluation.
答え
A · Severe fetal anaemia
21.小児看護
答え: B · Clean intermittent catheterisation
これが答えになる理由
Damage to the spinal nerves causes a bladder that does not empty fully, risking infection and kidney damage. Clean intermittent catheterisation several times a day, taught to parents and later to the child, is the usual approach.
答え
B · Clean intermittent catheterisation
22.小児看護
答え: C · 急性胸部症候群(緊急事態)
これが答えになる理由
急性胸部症候群は、胸痛、発熱、呼吸器症状、低酸素、胸部 X 線の新たな変化を起こします。鎌状赤血球症の主な死因の 1 つで、緊急の治療が必要です。
答え
C · 急性胸部症候群(緊急事態)
23.精神看護
答え: D · Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
これが答えになる理由
CBT-I combines sleep education, stimulus control, sleep restriction and work on unhelpful beliefs about sleep. It has lasting effects and fewer risks than long-term sleeping tablets.
答え
D · Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
24.精神看護
答え: D · Schizoaffective disorder
これが答えになる理由
In schizoaffective disorder, a major mood episode occurs alongside schizophrenia symptoms, mood episodes are present for most of the illness, and psychotic symptoms are also present for at least 2 weeks without a mood episode. In psychotic depression, the psychosis occurs only during the mood episode.
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
変換
c = 102/18 = 5.667 ≈ 5.7 mmol/L
答え
c = 5.7 mmol/L
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 56 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
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