Which instruction is correct for a patient taking an oral potassium chloride supplement?
ACrush the extended-release tablets and mix them with a little water if needed
BTake it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
CTake it on an empty stomach with only a small sip of water to speed absorption
DUse a salt substitute as well, so less of the tablet is needed each day
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A nursing student has a positive interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for tuberculosis, no symptoms and a normal chest X-ray. What does this most likely mean?
AActive pulmonary TB, which is contagious
BLatent TB infection, which is not contagious
CA false result, as the test does not detect TB
DPast BCG vaccination only, with no infection
11.薬理学ふつう
Which patient should usually not use the combined oral contraceptive pill?
AA 25-year-old woman with heavy periods
BA 22-year-old non-smoker with acne
CA 30-year-old non-smoker with no medical problems
DA 38-year-old woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why are antipsychotics used with great caution in older people with dementia?
AThey always cure the dementia and stop all behaviour problems
BThey are linked to a higher risk of stroke and death
CThey cause severe hypoglycaemia in older people
DThey are not absorbed in people over 65
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
The telemetry monitor suddenly shows a chaotic waveform resembling ventricular fibrillation, but the patient is talking and brushing their teeth. What should the nurse do first?
ACheck the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
BStart chest compressions straight away and call the arrest team
CDeliver an immediate defibrillation shock before checking anything
During continuous bladder irrigation, 3200 mL drains out in a shift. 2500 mL of irrigation fluid was put in. What is the true urine output?
A700 mL
B2500 mL
C5700 mL
D3200 mL
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
血液透析の患者で、重要な薬の投与時間の問題はどれですか?
Aすべての薬は、治療の直前に投与しなければならない
B透析日には、どの薬も服用できない
C透析は、どの薬も除去しない
D透析で除去される薬は、治療後に投与する必要があることがある
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which is a recognised risk of long-term proton pump inhibitor use?
AHypomagnesaemia
BHypercalcaemia
CHyperkalaemia
DHypernatraemia
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
An 80-year-old has a fluid balance 3 L positive two days after surgery. They are now breathless, with crackles at both lung bases and swollen ankles. What should the nurse do?
AEncourage the patient to drink more fluids
BIncrease the IV fluid rate to improve kidney flow
CStop the IV fluids, sit the patient up and escalate
DLie the patient flat with the legs raised
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Two days after a caesarean, a woman feels bloated with gas pains. Which advice is most helpful?
AUse straws to drink fluids
BDrink fizzy drinks to bring up the gas
CStay in bed until the pain stops
DWalk around regularly
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman at 26 weeks has a haemoglobin of 95 g/L (9.5 g/dL) and a low ferritin. She is already taking oral iron but has severe side effects. What might be considered?
ADoubling her caffeine intake
BIntravenous iron
CStopping iron and waiting until after birth
DA routine blood transfusion
21.小児看護ふつう
同じ受診で、子どもが複数の異なるワクチンの接種予定です。一般原則はどれですか?
A同じ受診で、別々の接種部位に接種できる
B1 か月に 1 種類のワクチンしか接種できない
Cすべてのワクチンを 1 本の注射器で混ぜるべきである
Dそれぞれ半量を数週間に分けて接種すべきである
22.小児看護むずかしい
Which finding at a 6-month check most needs referral?
AThe baby is not crawling yet
BThe baby is wary of a stranger
CThe baby puts every toy and object into the mouth
DThe baby does not turn towards sounds or voices
23.精神看護ふつう
A man with an intellectual disability is becoming irritable. Staff say it is "just his learning disability". What is this an example of?
APositive reinforcement
BDiagnostic overshadowing
CTransference
DSplitting by the patient
24.精神看護むずかしい
ECT の直後、患者は回復室で眠そうにしています。看護の優先事項は何ですか?
Aすぐにたっぷり朝食を与える
B永続的な障害がないか確かめるため、長期記憶を詳しくテストする
C気道を確保し、患者を横向きにして、バイタルサインをモニタリングする
D患者に 1 人で病棟まで歩いて戻るよう頼む
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 注射の投与量の計算結果は 11.6153 mL です。 この練習問題のルールは「1 mL以上の容量は、mLの小数第1位に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
11.6153 mL
x = mL
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 19:45 に始まり、翌朝の 02:00 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何分 t 続きましたか。
19:4502:00
t = min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 30 kg で、1 回量として 25 mg/kg が指示されています。投与量 D を mg で求めなさい。
30 kg25 mg/kg
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
50%(w/v)の原液から 5%(w/v)の溶液を 1000 mL 調製する必要があります。 原液は何 mL V₁ 必要ですか?
C₁ = 50%C₂ = 5%V₂ = 1000 mL
V₁ = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
1500 mL を 8 時間で投与するよう指示されています。2 時間後、バッグにまだ 1310 mL 残っていることがわかりましたが、予定どおりの時間に終える必要があります。 ポンプを何 mL/h の速度 R に設定し直す必要がありますか?
1500 mL / 8 h経過時間 2 h: 1310 mL
R = mL/h
30.点滴速度むずかしい
50 mg を 250 mL に含む輸液が 10 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 分あたり何マイクログラム D を受け取りますか?
50 mg/250 mL10 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 58 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
58 kg8 h尿: 275 mL尿: 400 mL嘔吐: 100 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.輸液と水分出納むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 1000 mL の輸液を 18:00 に 120 mL/h で開始します。2 時間後に流量を 200 mL/h に変更し、その後は変更しません。開始から何時間後 t にバッグは空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
1000 mL120 mL/h · 2 h200 mL/h
t = h
33.臨床アセスメントスコアふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の脈拍は 79/分、血圧は 107/59 mmHg です。ショック指数 SI = HR/SBP を求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
答え: B · Measuring how much urine is in the bladder without a catheter
これが答えになる理由
A bladder scanner uses ultrasound to estimate bladder volume, for example after a patient has voided. It helps detect retention and avoids unnecessary catheterisation.
答え
B · Measuring how much urine is in the bladder without a catheter
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Protect the head, move objects away, time it and do not restrain
これが答えになる理由
During a seizure the nurse keeps the patient safe, notes the time and the features, and never puts anything in the mouth. Afterwards the patient is placed in the recovery position and the airway checked.
答え
D · Protect the head, move objects away, time it and do not restrain
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Steroids suppress the immune response and can hide signs of infection
これが答えになる理由
Corticosteroids reduce white cell activity and inflammation, so infections develop more easily and may cause less fever or redness. Nurses watch closely for subtle signs.
答え
C · Steroids suppress the immune response and can hide signs of infection
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · “I can stop taking the pills once I feel better.”
これが答えになる理由
TB treatment lasts several months, and stopping when symptoms improve can lead to relapse and drug-resistant TB. Covering coughs and attending follow-up for sputum tests are correct.
答え
D · “I can stop taking the pills once I feel better.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Giving mouth care
これが答えになる理由
Mouth care is routine and important because the patient cannot eat or drink. Checking position, irrigating the tube and assessing drainage need nursing skills and judgement.
答え
D · Giving mouth care
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Report it to the nurse manager according to policy
これが答えになる理由
Suspected drug diversion must be reported through the proper channel, usually the manager. It protects patients and allows the colleague to get help; staying silent is not acceptable.
答え
D · Report it to the nurse manager according to policy
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · To reduce the absorption of ammonia from the gut
これが答えになる理由
Lactulose acidifies the colon and speeds transit, reducing ammonia absorption. The dose is usually adjusted to give two to three soft stools a day.
答え
B · To reduce the absorption of ammonia from the gut
答え: B · Take it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
これが答えになる理由
Oral potassium can irritate the esophagus and stomach, so it is taken with food and plenty of fluid, and extended-release forms are swallowed whole. Most salt substitutes contain potassium chloride and can add to the risk of hyperkalemia.確認に用いた資料:Potassium (drug information) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
B · Take it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Latent TB infection, which is not contagious
これが答えになる理由
A positive IGRA with no symptoms and a normal chest X-ray indicates latent TB infection, which cannot spread to others. Treatment of latent TB is often offered to prevent later active disease. The IGRA is much less likely than the skin test to give a false-positive result after BCG vaccination.確認に用いた資料:Tuberculosis Screening · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); PPD skin test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
B · Latent TB infection, which is not contagious
11.薬理学
答え: D · A 38-year-old woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day
これが答えになる理由
Smoking over the age of 35 greatly increases the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke with combined hormonal contraception. Progestogen-only or non-hormonal methods are preferred.
答え
D · A 38-year-old woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day
12.薬理学
答え: B · They are linked to a higher risk of stroke and death
これが答えになる理由
In older people with dementia, antipsychotics increase the risk of stroke and death. Non-drug approaches are tried first, and antipsychotics are used at low doses for short periods if needed.
答え
B · They are linked to a higher risk of stroke and death
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
これが答えになる理由
Movement, loose electrodes and muscle activity can create artefact that looks like VF. A conscious, talking patient cannot be in VF. The nurse assesses the patient and checks the leads and electrodes, then reattaches them if needed.
答え
A · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
True urine output equals total drainage minus irrigation volume: 3200 − 2500 = 700 mL. If drainage is less than the irrigant volume, the catheter may be blocked and fluid is being retained.
Long-term PPIs are linked with low magnesium, C. difficile infection, fractures and B12 deficiency. The need for continuing treatment should be reviewed regularly.
答え
A · Hypomagnesaemia
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Stop the IV fluids, sit the patient up and escalate
これが答えになる理由
Older patients and those with heart or kidney disease can develop fluid overload. The nurse stops fluids, sits the patient up, gives oxygen if needed and asks for medical review, often for diuretics.
答え
C · Stop the IV fluids, sit the patient up and escalate
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Walk around regularly
これが答えになる理由
Early and regular walking stimulates peristalsis and helps relieve gas. Carbonated drinks and straws introduce more air. Walking also reduces the risk of venous thromboembolism.
答え
D · Walk around regularly
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Intravenous iron
これが答えになる理由
When oral iron is not tolerated or not effective, intravenous iron may be used in the second and third trimesters. Transfusion is reserved for severe or symptomatic anaemia or acute blood loss.
答え
B · Intravenous iron
21.小児看護
答え: A · 同じ受診で、別々の接種部位に接種できる
これが答えになる理由
1 回の受診で複数のワクチンを接種するのは安全で効果的であり、接種の遅れを防ぎます。注射器と部位は別々にし、同じ肢に接種する場合は少なくとも約 2.5 cm 離します。そのために設計された製品でない限り、ワクチンを混ぜてはいけません。
答え
A · 同じ受診で、別々の接種部位に接種できる
22.小児看護
答え: D · The baby does not turn towards sounds or voices
これが答えになる理由
Not responding to sounds at 6 months may signal hearing loss and needs referral. Crawling usually starts at about 8–10 months, and mouthing objects and wariness of strangers are normal at this age.
答え
D · The baby does not turn towards sounds or voices
23.精神看護
答え: B · Diagnostic overshadowing
これが答えになる理由
Diagnostic overshadowing happens when new symptoms are attributed to a known disability or mental illness, so a physical or other cause is missed. It contributes to poorer health outcomes.
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
25·30 = 750 mg
答え
D = 750 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 100 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 5·1000/50 = 100 mL
答え
V₁ = 100 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 218.3 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 21/min → 2
SpO₂ 97% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 222 mmHg → 3
HR 58/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 37.4 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 2 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 5
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
中
答え
中
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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