When using a metered-dose inhaler without a spacer, what should the patient do straight after inhaling the dose?
ABreathe out hard through the mouthpiece
BTake another dose at once without pausing
CRinse the mouth before breathing in
DHold their breath for about 10 seconds
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
On the sacrum there is a shallow open area with a pink wound bed and no slough. How is this pressure ulcer classified?
ACategory 3
BCategory 2
CCategory 4
DCategory 1
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient is on a ventilator. Which bed position helps to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia?
ATrendelenburg position
BHead of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
CHead of the bed raised about 10 degrees
DLying completely flat
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient takes medicines prescribed by several providers. Which advice best reduces the risk of medication errors at home?
AKeep each provider’s medicines in separate bags
BKeep one up-to-date list of all medicines and use one pharmacy where possible
COnly tell each provider about the drugs they prescribed
DStop taking any medicine that seems to repeat another one, without asking anyone
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A woman calls to say her husband suddenly has a drooping face and slurred speech. What should the nurse advise?
ALet him lie down and see if it improves
BDrive him to the hospital yourself after he has eaten dinner
CCall emergency services now and note the time it started
DBook an appointment with his doctor next week
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
During JumpSTART triage, a child is not breathing after the airway is opened but has a palpable pulse. What is the next step?
AStart full CPR on the child and stay with them until more help arrives
BTag the child green and return to them after the others
CTag the child black at once and move on to the next victim
DGive five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
7.臨床看護学ふつう
What happens in third-degree (complete) heart block?
ANo impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
BEvery impulse reaches the ventricles, but each one is slightly delayed
CThe atria beat chaotically with no P waves, and the ventricular rate is irregular
DThe ventricles beat very fast and regularly
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
An arterial blood gas shows a low PaO2 with a low or normal PaCO2. How is this classified?
AType 2 respiratory failure
BNormal blood gas
CType 1 respiratory failure
DMetabolic acidosis
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
慢性腎臓病で、血清リン酸の高値には、通常、カルシウムのどのような変化を伴いますか?
A血清カルシウムの上昇
Bカルシウムは変化しない
C血清カルシウムの低下
Dカルシウムの変化はなく、血清カリウムだけが高い
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
The nurse prepares a patient for a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test tomorrow morning. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll avoid smoking until the test is over"
B"I can have a light breakfast before the test"
C"I'll fast overnight but can drink plain water"
D"I'll stay seated during the test if I can"
11.薬理学ふつう
When does oseltamivir give the most benefit in influenza?
AOnly after symptoms have lasted at least one week
BAt any time, as the timing makes no difference
COnly after a bacterial pneumonia has developed
DWhen started within 48 hours of the first symptoms
12.薬理学むずかしい
A woman has received a high-dose oxytocin infusion with large volumes of hypotonic fluid for many hours. She now has a headache, confusion and a low serum sodium. What is the most likely cause?
AAn allergic reaction to oxytocin causing brain swelling
BWater intoxication from the antidiuretic effect of oxytocin
CNormal tiredness after a long labour
DExcessive salt in the infusion fluid
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
After an arterial blood gas sample is taken from the radial artery, what should the nurse do?
AApply firm pressure to the site for several minutes
BBend the wrist sharply upwards to stop the bleeding
CLeave the site uncovered without pressure
DMassage the site to help the bruising fade
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient who has had a total laryngectomy becomes breathless and needs oxygen. How should it be given?
AVia a non-rebreather mask over the mouth only
BVia a standard face mask over the nose and mouth
CVia a mask or humidified device over the neck stoma
DVia nasal cannula at 2 L/min
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with myasthenia gravis wants to plan a busy day. Which advice fits the disease?
AExercise to exhaustion so the muscles get stronger quickly
BDo demanding tasks in the morning or when the drug works best
CAvoid rest periods, because rest makes the weakness worse
DDo the hardest tasks in the evening when muscles are warmed up
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient taking digoxin has a potassium of 2.9 mmol/L. Why is this especially dangerous?
ADigoxin stops working when potassium is low
BDigoxin raises the potassium to dangerous levels
CLow potassium makes digoxin leave the body faster
DLow potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
高リスクの患者で、腫瘍崩壊症候群の予防に役立つ対策はどれですか?
Aカルシウムとリンの毎日の補充
Bカリウム錠剤を併用した水分制限
Cアロプリノールまたはラスブリカーゼを併用した静注による補液
D化学療法中の、静注と経口のすべての水分の中止
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient's long-standing groin hernia has become tender, red and irreducible, and they are vomiting. What should the nurse do?
APush the hernia firmly back in, then discharge home
BApply a hot water bottle and give a laxative
CKeep them nil by mouth and arrange urgent surgical review
DAdvise the patient to wear a tight truss and rest
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A breastfeeding mother asks how she will know her baby is getting enough milk. Which sign is reassuring by day 5 or 6?
AAt least 6 wet nappies a day and yellow stools
BThe baby sleeps for 8 hours without feeding
CHer breasts never feel full
DThe baby feeds for exactly 5 minutes each side
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A preterm infant receiving oxygen has saturations that are consistently 100%. What should the nurse do?
AIncrease the oxygen to provide a safety margin
BWean the oxygen to the target saturation range
CLeave it unchanged because 100% is ideal
DRemove the saturation probe to save the skin
21.小児看護ふつう
Which signs suggest meningitis in a young infant?
ANeck stiffness and a positive Kernig's sign, as in older children and adults
BA clear runny nose, a mild cough and normal feeding
CA sunken fontanelle with heavy wet nappies
DA bulging fontanelle, a high-pitched cry, poor feeding and irritability
The patient breathes out, seals the lips round the mouthpiece, presses as they start a slow deep breath in, then holds the breath for about 10 seconds or as long as is comfortable.
答え
D · Hold their breath for about 10 seconds
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Category 2
これが答えになる理由
Category 2 (Stage 2 in the US NPIAP system) is partial-thickness skin loss, seen as a shallow open ulcer with a pink-red bed or as a blister. Category 1 is intact skin; categories 3 and 4 are full thickness.
答え
B · Category 2
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Head of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
これが答えになる理由
Raising the head of the bed to 30–45 degrees reduces aspiration of oral and gastric secretions into the lungs. It is part of the usual ventilator care bundle, unless contraindicated.
答え
B · Head of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Keep one up-to-date list of all medicines and use one pharmacy where possible
これが答えになる理由
A single complete medication list and one pharmacy allow interactions and duplicates to be detected. The list, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements, is shown at every visit.
答え
B · Keep one up-to-date list of all medicines and use one pharmacy where possible
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Call emergency services now and note the time it started
これが答えになる理由
Stroke is time-critical. Emergency services can begin assessment on the way and take the patient to a stroke center; the time of onset guides treatment.
答え
C · Call emergency services now and note the time it started
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Give five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
これが答えになる理由
In JumpSTART, an apneic child with a pulse gets five rescue breaths, because the cause is often respiratory. If breathing starts the child is immediate (red); if not, the child is expectant.
答え
D · Give five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · No impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
これが答えになる理由
In complete heart block the atria and ventricles are dissociated, and a slow escape rhythm drives the ventricles. Patients may be dizzy or collapse and often need pacing.
答え
A · No impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Type 1 respiratory failure
これが答えになる理由
Type 1 respiratory failure is hypoxaemia without hypercapnia, as in pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. Type 2 includes a raised PaCO2 from inadequate ventilation, as in COPD exacerbations.
答え
C · Type 1 respiratory failure
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · 血清カルシウムの低下
これが答えになる理由
機能が低下した腎臓がリン酸を保持すると、リン酸がカルシウムと結合し、ビタミン D の活性化が低下するため、血清カルシウムは低下しがちです。これが二次性副甲状腺機能亢進症と骨疾患の原因になります。確認に用いた資料:Hypocalcemia (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026); Phosphate in Blood · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答え
C · 血清カルシウムの低下
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · "I can have a light breakfast before the test"
これが答えになる理由
The OGTT is done after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours; water is allowed. Eating before the test makes the results invalid. Patients rest during the test and avoid smoking, which can affect glucose.確認に用いた資料:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Glucose tolerance test - non-pregnant · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
B · "I can have a light breakfast before the test"
11.薬理学
答え: D · When started within 48 hours of the first symptoms
これが答えになる理由
Neuraminidase inhibitors work best early, while the virus is multiplying. Started within 48 hours, they shorten illness; in high-risk or hospitalised patients they may still be given later.
答え
D · When started within 48 hours of the first symptoms
12.薬理学
答え: B · Water intoxication from the antidiuretic effect of oxytocin
これが答えになる理由
Oxytocin has antidiuretic activity at high doses. With large volumes of fluid this can cause water retention and dilutional hyponatraemia, so fluid balance and sodium are monitored.
答え
B · Water intoxication from the antidiuretic effect of oxytocin
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Apply firm pressure to the site for several minutes
これが答えになる理由
Firm pressure for at least about 5 minutes (longer in patients on anticoagulants or with clotting problems) prevents a haematoma. The hand is checked for colour and circulation. The sample is processed promptly.
答え
A · Apply firm pressure to the site for several minutes
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Via a mask or humidified device over the neck stoma
これが答えになる理由
A total laryngectomy separates the trachea from the upper airway, so the patient breathes only through the neck stoma. Oxygen and any rescue breaths must be given via the stoma. These patients are "neck breathers" and often carry an alert card.
答え
C · Via a mask or humidified device over the neck stoma
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Do demanding tasks in the morning or when the drug works best
これが答えになる理由
In myasthenia gravis, muscles tire with use and recover with rest, so weakness is often worse later in the day. Planning demanding tasks for times of peak strength and building in rest helps.
答え
B · Do demanding tasks in the morning or when the drug works best
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
これが答えになる理由
Digoxin binds to the sodium–potassium pump, and low potassium increases this binding. Hypokalaemia therefore raises the risk of toxicity and arrhythmias, even with a normal digoxin level. The potassium is corrected and the patient monitored.
答え
D · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
答え: C · Keep them nil by mouth and arrange urgent surgical review
これが答えになる理由
A tender, red, irreducible hernia with vomiting suggests strangulation and bowel obstruction. It needs emergency surgery; the nurse keeps the patient nil by mouth, gives analgesia, and starts IV access and fluids as prescribed.
答え
C · Keep them nil by mouth and arrange urgent surgical review
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · At least 6 wet nappies a day and yellow stools
これが答えになる理由
Signs of adequate intake include 6 or more wet nappies and several yellow stools a day by day 5 or 6, steady weight gain and a content baby after feeds. Most babies regain birth weight by about 2 weeks.
答え
A · At least 6 wet nappies a day and yellow stools
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Wean the oxygen to the target saturation range
これが答えになる理由
Hyperoxia increases the risk of retinopathy of prematurity and lung injury. Oxygen is titrated to the prescribed target saturation range rather than to 100%.
答え
B · Wean the oxygen to the target saturation range
21.小児看護
答え: D · A bulging fontanelle, a high-pitched cry, poor feeding and irritability
これが答えになる理由
Young infants with meningitis may have non-specific signs: fever or low temperature, poor feeding, lethargy or irritability, a high-pitched cry and a bulging fontanelle. Neck stiffness is often absent at this age.
答え
D · A bulging fontanelle, a high-pitched cry, poor feeding and irritability
答え: D · It is a lasting pattern of perfectionism and control without true obsessions and compulsions
これが答えになる理由
In OCPD, rigid perfectionism, orderliness and control are part of the personality and usually feel right to the person. In OCD, the person has intrusive obsessions and compulsions that they usually find distressing.
答え
D · It is a lasting pattern of perfectionism and control without true obsessions and compulsions
24.精神看護
答え: C · 気分が改善する前に活力が戻ることがあり、自殺念慮を実行に移すリスクが高まるおそれがあるため
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
6·12 + 6 = 78 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 78·2.54 = 198.1 ≈ 198 cm
答え
h = 198 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: N = 7
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
合計容量
7.5 mL × 3 × 14 = 315 mL
ボトル
315/50 = 6.3 → N = 7
答え
N = 7
27.投与量の計算
答え: m = 20000 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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