A patient with pneumonia had a CRP of 180 mg/L on admission and 40 mg/L after 4 days of antibiotics. What does this most likely show?
AThe antibiotic is causing liver damage
BThe infection has spread to another organ
CThe patient has developed a new infection
DThe inflammation is settling with treatment
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with diabetes had a glucose of 58 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L), took 15 g of fast-acting carbohydrate and, 15 minutes later, the glucose is 64 mg/dL (3.6 mmol/L). The patient is alert. What should the nurse do next?
AGive a long-acting insulin dose to stabilize it
BGive another 15 g of fast carbohydrate and recheck
CWait until the next meal before giving anything
DGive a protein snack only and recheck tomorrow
11.薬理学ふつう
After a vaccination, why is a person asked to wait for a short time before leaving?
ATo measure the person's temperature for fever
BTo check that the vaccine has already created protective antibodies
CTo watch for anaphylaxis, which usually starts within minutes
DTo make sure the injection site does not bruise
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on long-term lithium passes large amounts of dilute urine and is always thirsty. What is the most likely explanation?
ALithium blocks the kidney's response to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)
BLithium increases ADH release from the pituitary
CThe patient is drinking too much and lithium is unrelated
DLithium causes type 1 diabetes by destroying the pancreatic beta cells
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Which side effect is particularly common with verapamil?
答え: D · Sugar on the skin can give a falsely high reading
これが答えになる理由
Traces of food or drink on the finger can raise the reading. Washing with water and drying fully gives an accurate result; alcohol wipes can also affect some meters.
答え
D · Sugar on the skin can give a falsely high reading
答え: D · The surface stays wet for the contact time on the product label
これが答えになる理由
Each disinfectant has a contact (dwell) time during which the surface must stay visibly wet. Drying it early or spreading one wipe over many items reduces its effect.
答え
D · The surface stays wet for the contact time on the product label
答え: C · An 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
これが答えになる理由
A previous fall is one of the strongest risk factors. Older age, diuretics and getting up at night to urinate add further risk, so this patient needs fall precautions.
答え
C · An 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Talk to the assistant privately, restate what must be reported and follow up closely
これが答えになる理由
The RN gives direct, private feedback, restates the reporting limits and increases supervision. If the problem continues, it is escalated to the manager according to policy.
答え
D · Talk to the assistant privately, restate what must be reported and follow up closely
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · It lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels
これが答えになる理由
Albumin creates oncotic pressure, drawing fluid into the capillaries. When it is low, as in liver disease, nephrotic syndrome or malnutrition, fluid leaks into the tissues.
答え
B · It lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels
答え: D · The inflammation is settling with treatment
これが答えになる理由
CRP has a short half-life of about 19 hours, so it falls within days when inflammation is controlled. A falling CRP, together with clinical improvement, supports a response to treatment; a CRP that stays high or rises again needs review.確認に用いた資料:C-reactive protein · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
D · The inflammation is settling with treatment
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Give another 15 g of fast carbohydrate and recheck
これが答えになる理由
The "15-15 rule" is repeated until the glucose is at least 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L); UK guidance uses 4.0 mmol/L and 15–20 g of carbohydrate. Then a snack or meal with complex carbohydrate and protein is given if the next meal is not soon, to prevent recurrence.
答え
B · Give another 15 g of fast carbohydrate and recheck
11.薬理学
答え: C · To watch for anaphylaxis, which usually starts within minutes
これが答えになる理由
Anaphylaxis after vaccination is rare but usually begins soon after the injection. Staff and adrenaline must be available during the observation period.
答え
C · To watch for anaphylaxis, which usually starts within minutes
12.薬理学
答え: A · Lithium blocks the kidney's response to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)
これが答えになる理由
Lithium interferes with ADH action in the collecting duct, causing polyuria and polydipsia. Dehydration from this can raise lithium levels further, so fluid balance matters.
答え
A · Lithium blocks the kidney's response to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Constipation
これが答えになる理由
Verapamil is a rate-limiting calcium channel blocker that slows AV conduction. Constipation is its most common side effect. It can also cause bradycardia and should not be combined with beta-blockers without specialist care because of the risk of heart block.
答え: C · Urgent escalation for BP control and close neuro checks
これが答えになる理由
Severe hypertension with headache and visual change suggests hypertensive encephalopathy. This needs urgent medical treatment and neurological monitoring. Seizures can occur.
答え
C · Urgent escalation for BP control and close neuro checks
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · To detect heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
これが答えになる理由
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an immune reaction, usually 5–10 days after starting heparin, that lowers platelets and paradoxically causes thrombosis. Monitoring depends on risk and local policy.
答え
D · To detect heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Loosen any tight dressing, keep the arm at heart level and escalate
これが答えになる理由
These are early signs of compartment syndrome, where raised pressure in a muscle compartment reduces blood flow. Constrictive dressings are released, the limb is kept at heart level and urgent surgical review is needed, as fasciotomy may be required.
答え
C · Loosen any tight dressing, keep the arm at heart level and escalate
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Iron deficiency anaemia
これが答えになる理由
Pica, the craving for non-food substances, is associated with iron deficiency. Eating clay or soil can also expose the mother to toxins and parasites. Haemoglobin and ferritin should be checked.
答え
B · Iron deficiency anaemia
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Threatened miscarriage
これが答えになる理由
Bleeding with a closed cervix and a viable pregnancy is a threatened miscarriage; many continue normally. An open cervix means an inevitable or incomplete miscarriage, and a missed miscarriage has no fetal heart activity.
答え: D · Arrange contact with friends and let him control parts of his daily routine
これが答えになる理由
Adolescents are working on identity and independence, and peers are very important. Hospital stay threatens both, so contact with friends, privacy and choices about routines help him cope.
答え
D · Arrange contact with friends and let him control parts of his daily routine
23.精神看護
答え: A · It improves adherence because the patient does not need to take daily tablets
これが答えになる理由
Depot or long-acting injections are given every few weeks, so adherence can be checked and missed doses are noticed. They have the same kinds of side effects as the oral form of the drug.
答え
A · It improves adherence because the patient does not need to take daily tablets
24.精神看護
答え: D · Arrange regular, planned contacts, assess any new symptoms and focus conversations on feelings and coping
これが答えになる理由
Scheduled contact reduces the need to report symptoms to get attention. New symptoms must still be assessed, because physical illness can occur, but the focus shifts towards stress, feelings and coping skills.
答え
D · Arrange regular, planned contacts, assess any new symptoms and focus conversations on feelings and coping
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 2.5 mcg/kg/min × 95 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 2.5·95·60/1000 = 14.25 mg/h
答え
D = 14.25 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.3 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
体表面積
BSA = √(182·50/3600) = √2.528 = 1.59 m²
投与量
D = 250·1.59 = 397.5 mg
答え
D = 397.5 mg
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 106.7 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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