A woman needs an emergency caesarean under general anaesthesia. Why is she given an antacid such as sodium citrate before induction?
ATo speed up gastric emptying for surgery
BTo lower her blood pressure before surgery
CTo prevent nausea after the operation
DTo make aspirated stomach contents less acidic
21.小児看護ふつう
血友病の子どもに適用される注意はどれですか?
A関節と筋肉を鍛えるために、ラグビーなどの接触スポーツを勧める
B出血している関節を温める
C可能な限り、筋肉内注射と直腸温の測定を避ける
D痛みにアスピリンを与える
22.小児看護むずかしい
Two weeks after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted, an infant has a fever, irritability and redness along the shunt tract. What should the nurse suspect?
ANormal healing; no action needed
BShunt infection; report it urgently
CAn allergy to the hospital soap
DTeething, which explains the fever and the irritability
23.精神看護ふつう
Which pattern suggests premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
AMood symptoms that begin only after the menopause and last for several years
BMild bloating the day before a period, without any mood changes
CLow mood throughout the whole month that is not linked to the menstrual cycle
DMarked mood symptoms in the week before menstruation that improve within a few days after it starts
24.精神看護むずかしい
In the second session of a new therapy group, members argue about rules and one member challenges the leader's authority. How should the leader interpret this?
AIt is a normal stage of group development, to be handled openly and calmly
BThe group has failed and should be ended before anyone is upset
CThe member who challenged the leader should be removed
DThe leader should avoid all conflict by making every decision alone
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある新生児の体重は 6 lb 5 oz です。1 lb = 16 oz と 1 kg = 2.2 lb を使って、体重 m をキログラムで求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
6 lb 5 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 22:50 に始まり、翌朝の 06:20 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何分 t 続きましたか。
22:5006:20
t = min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
アドレナリン(エピネフリン)のプレフィルドシリンジに 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)と表示されています。指示は心停止に対する 1 mg の静注(IV)です。投与する量 V はいくらですか?
1:10 0001 mg
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 3650 単位で、薬は 5000 単位/mL で供給されます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
3650 units5000 units/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
60 滴/mL の輸液セットで 250 mL を 6 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
250 mL6 h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
点滴が 15 滴/mL のセットで 50 滴/分で落ちています。バッグには 750 mL 残っています。あと何時間 t で空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
50 gtt/min15 gtt/mL750 mL
t = h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
答え: B · The family's religious and cultural wishes
これが答えになる理由
Some faiths have specific rules, for example about who may touch or wash the body and how soon burial should happen. Asking first respects the person and the family.
答え
B · The family's religious and cultural wishes
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
これが答えになる理由
If the patient becomes too sleepy they cannot press the button, so no more opioid is given. When others press it this safety is lost and respiratory depression can follow.
答え
B · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
答え: C · Release the restraint at once and reposition the patient
これが答えになる理由
Patients have died from strangulation when vest restraints moved up to the neck. The nurse frees the patient immediately, checks breathing and repositions them, then reassesses whether the restraint is needed at all.
答え
C · Release the restraint at once and reposition the patient
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Day 1 after an uncomplicated vaginal birth, stable vital signs
これが答えになる理由
A stable patient after an uncomplicated birth fits the LPN/LVN role. Heavy bleeding, magnesium infusions and new admissions with fever need RN assessment.
答え
C · Day 1 after an uncomplicated vaginal birth, stable vital signs
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · A patient with a long-standing tracheostomy who needs routine suctioning and care
これが答えになる理由
Routine tracheostomy care for a stable, long-term patient fits the LPN/LVN role in most settings. Fresh or bleeding tracheostomies, new admissions and titrated IV drugs need RN assessment.
答え
C · A patient with a long-standing tracheostomy who needs routine suctioning and care
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Fever, rigors and loin pain
これが答えになる理由
Pyelonephritis is an upper urinary tract infection and causes systemic signs such as fever and rigors, with flank pain. Cystitis usually causes local symptoms such as dysuria and frequency.
答え
D · Fever, rigors and loin pain
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · Type 1 respiratory failure
これが答えになる理由
Type 1 respiratory failure is hypoxaemia without hypercapnia, as in pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. Type 2 includes a raised PaCO2 from inadequate ventilation, as in COPD exacerbations.
答え
D · Type 1 respiratory failure
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Blood glucose
これが答えになる理由
PN contains concentrated dextrose, so hyperglycemia is common, especially at the start; glucose is checked frequently and insulin may be needed. Electrolytes, including phosphate, magnesium and potassium, are also monitored for refeeding syndrome.
答え
B · Blood glucose
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · "I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
これが答えになる理由
Clozapine requires ongoing ANC monitoring according to the schedule, because severe neutropenia can occur without warning. The patient must keep blood test appointments and report signs of infection at once.
答え
D · "I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
11.薬理学
答え: D · Kidney and liver clearance often decline, and sensitivity to drugs increases
これが答えになる理由
Ageing reduces kidney function, changes body composition and often slows liver metabolism. Many drugs also have stronger effects on the ageing brain, so doses are started low and increased slowly.
答え
D · Kidney and liver clearance often decline, and sensitivity to drugs increases
12.薬理学
答え: C · Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
これが答えになる理由
NSAIDs and aspirin impair platelet function and can cause GI bleeding, which adds to warfarin's bleeding risk. Paracetamol is usually preferred, though regular high doses can raise the INR.
答え: B · "I will measure it straight after my morning jog."
これが答えになる理由
Home readings should be taken after resting quietly for about 5 minutes, sitting with back supported, feet flat and the arm supported at heart level, with no recent exercise, caffeine or smoking. Two readings are often recorded. Measuring after exercise gives falsely high results.
答え
B · "I will measure it straight after my morning jog."
A suppressed TSH with raised free T4 and hyperthyroid symptoms in a patient on levothyroxine suggests over-replacement. The prescriber usually lowers the dose. Long-term over-replacement increases the risk of atrial fibrillation and bone loss.
答え
B · The dose is too high
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Less pain and a shorter hospital stay
これが答えになる理由
Smaller incisions usually mean less pain, faster mobilisation, fewer wound complications and shorter stays. There are still risks, including injury to organs and shoulder-tip pain from the gas.
答え
B · Less pain and a shorter hospital stay
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Arterial insufficiency
これが答えになる理由
Rest pain eased by dependency is typical of severe peripheral arterial disease. Elevating the leg worsens pain, and compression is avoided. Vascular assessment is needed.
答え: D · To make aspirated stomach contents less acidic
これが答えになる理由
Pregnant women are at high risk of aspirating stomach contents under general anaesthesia. Sodium citrate neutralises gastric acid, reducing the severity of lung injury if aspiration happens.
答え
D · To make aspirated stomach contents less acidic
Shunt infections usually occur within the first months after surgery and may show fever, redness or swelling along the tract, poor feeding and irritability, sometimes with signs of shunt blockage. Urgent assessment, cultures and antibiotics are needed.
答え
B · Shunt infection; report it urgently
23.精神看護
答え: D · Marked mood symptoms in the week before menstruation that improve within a few days after it starts
これが答えになる理由
In PMDD, symptoms such as irritability, low mood, anxiety and mood swings occur in the final week before menses, improve after onset and are minimal in the week after. Symptoms should be confirmed with daily ratings over at least two cycles.
答え
D · Marked mood symptoms in the week before menstruation that improve within a few days after it starts
24.精神看護
答え: A · It is a normal stage of group development, to be handled openly and calmly
これが答えになる理由
Conflict and challenges to the leader are typical of the storming stage. Handling them openly and non-defensively helps the group develop norms and move into productive work.
答え
A · It is a normal stage of group development, to be handled openly and calmly
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 2.87 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
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