A patient has just finished a glass of iced water. How should this affect taking an oral temperature?
AWait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
BAdd half a degree to the reading to correct for the drink
CUse the reading but only if the patient says they feel warm
DTake it straight away, as cold drinks do not affect the mouth
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Which simple measure helps reduce the risk of delirium in an older inpatient?
AMoving them to a different bed every night to vary their surroundings
BLimiting visits from family members
CKeeping the lights on all night
DMaking sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
The laboratory calls with a critical lab result by phone. What should the nurse do?
AWait for the printed report to arrive before telling the provider about it
BRemember the value and enter it in the chart at the end of the shift
CTell the patient the result first and then call the provider
DWrite it down, read it back to confirm and report it to the provider promptly
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient was harmed by a medication error and asks the nurse what happened. Which approach is best?
ATell the patient nothing happened to avoid worry
BBe honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
CTell the patient to make a formal complaint to find out
DBlame the pharmacy for the error so that the nurse and the ward are not at fault
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient’s urinary catheter has drained no urine for two hours, and the lower abdomen is swollen. What should the nurse do first?
AEncourage the patient to drink more water
BCheck the tubing for kinks or obstruction
CRemove the catheter and wait for the patient to void
DGive a prescribed diuretic straight away
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient in acute mania paces constantly, has lost weight and will not sit down to eat. Which intervention is most helpful?
ALeave meals in the room and let the patient eat whenever and whatever they choose
BInsist that the patient sits at the table until the meal is finished
CWait until the mania settles before worrying about nutrition
DOffer high-calorie finger foods and drinks the patient can take while moving
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which advice is important for a patient on long-term oral corticosteroids?
ATake them only when symptoms flare
BDouble the dose if a dose is missed
CDo not stop them suddenly
DTake them on an empty stomach at night
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A drowsy patient in recovery is making snoring sounds and the SpO2 is falling. What is the first action?
ALie the patient face down
BWait for the patient to wake up fully
COpen the airway with a head tilt–chin lift or jaw thrust
DGive sips of oral fluid to clear the throat and wake them
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
患者のナトリウムが 152 mEq/L です。看護師が予想する所見はどれですか?
A尖った T 波を伴う徐脈
B足首の腫れを伴う体重増加
C口渇、粘膜の乾燥、落ち着きのなさ
D陽性のトルソー徴候を伴う筋肉のぴくつき
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin and low blood pressure. Results: sodium 130 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L. Which test pattern would confirm primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?
AHigh cortisol with a high ACTH
BHigh cortisol with a low ACTH
CLow cortisol with a low ACTH
DLow cortisol with a high ACTH
11.薬理学ふつう
Which approach is usually recommended to prevent constipation in a patient on regular opioids?
AAn antidiarrhoeal drug at night to slow the gut
BNo laxative until the patient has not opened the bowels for a week
CA stimulant laxative such as senna, often with a stool softener
DBulk-forming fibre alone, with fluid intake restricted
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on long-term prednisolone has been vomiting for two days and could not take her tablets. She is now hypotensive and confused, with low sodium and high potassium. What is the most urgent treatment?
AIV furosemide
BIV hydrocortisone and IV fluids
COral prednisolone with a glass of water
DIV insulin with glucose only
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Which finding shows that long-standing hypertension has caused target organ damage?
AA heart rate of 72/min
BA normal fasting glucose
CClear lung fields on the chest X-ray
DLeft ventricular hypertrophy on the ECG
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A 70-year-old man has a small abdominal aortic aneurysm found on screening and is placed under surveillance. Which advice is most important?
AAvoid all exercise and lifting for the rest of his life to protect the aorta
BStop smoking, control BP and seek help at once for sudden back pain
CStop all blood pressure medicines to avoid low pressure
DHave the aneurysm repaired immediately, whatever its size or growth rate
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which blood gas pattern is typical of acute kidney injury?
AHigh pH and low carbon dioxide
BLow pH and low bicarbonate
CHigh pH and high bicarbonate
DLow pH and high carbon dioxide only
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient taking amiodarone has gained weight and feels tired and cold. Which blood test is most relevant?
AThyroid function tests
BSerum ferritin
CSerum amylase and lipase levels
DBlood alcohol level
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
How does sucralfate help a peptic ulcer heal?
AIt forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
BIt speeds up emptying of the stomach
CIt blocks histamine receptors on parietal cells
DIt kills H. pylori in the stomach lining
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient asks whether to take their usual bisoprolol on the morning of surgery. What is the usual guidance?
AStop it one week before any operation
BTake it only after the operation is finished
CTake a double dose to protect the heart
DUsually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman's epidural has just been inserted. Which nursing action is a priority in the next hours?
ACheck her blood pressure and bladder often
BKeep her lying flat on her back
CEncourage her to walk around the room on her own
DRestrict all oral and IV fluids
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A preterm baby's parents are being taught about breast milk. Which statement shows they understand its special benefit for preterm babies?
A"Breast milk lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis."
B"Breast milk removes the need for eye screening."
C"Breast milk means our baby will not need any oxygen."
D"Breast milk stops jaundice from ever developing."
21.小児看護ふつう
A child has just spilled hot tea on his arm. What is the correct first aid?
ASpread butter or toothpaste on the burn
BBurst any blisters to let the heat out
CHold ice directly on the burn for about an hour to stop the pain
DCool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
22.小児看護むずかしい
The nurse has taught the parents of a child with epilepsy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
B"I'll time the seizure and give the rescue medicine if it lasts too long."
C"When the jerking stops, I'll turn him onto his side."
D"I'll move hard objects away and put something soft under his head."
23.精神看護ふつう
The nurse notices that she is spending much longer with one patient than with the others and feels she is the only one who can help him. What does this most likely indicate?
APossible boundary problems that she should discuss in supervision
BAn ideal therapeutic relationship
CThat the patient needs to be transferred to another unit
DTransference by the patient towards the nurse, which is never the nurse's concern
答え: A · Wait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
これが答えになる理由
Hot or cold drinks, eating and smoking change the temperature in the mouth for a while. The nurse waits 15–30 minutes or uses another site.
答え
A · Wait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
これが答えになる理由
Sensory aids, orientation, good sleep, hydration, mobility and family involvement all help prevent delirium. Frequent moves and poor sleep make it more likely.
答え
D · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Write it down, read it back to confirm and report it to the provider promptly
これが答えになる理由
Writing down and reading back critical results confirms they were heard correctly. The nurse then reports them promptly to the responsible provider and documents who was told and when.
答え
D · Write it down, read it back to confirm and report it to the provider promptly
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
これが答えになる理由
Open, honest disclosure of errors is an ethical duty and part of a safety culture. The nurse follows policy, which usually involves the provider and risk team, and does not hide or blame.
答え
B · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Check the tubing for kinks or obstruction
これが答えになる理由
Sudden lack of drainage with a full bladder usually means a kinked or blocked catheter. The nurse checks the tubing and position first, then follows the policy for irrigation or replacement.
答え
B · Check the tubing for kinks or obstruction
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Offer high-calorie finger foods and drinks the patient can take while moving
これが答えになる理由
Patients in mania may be too active to sit and eat. Portable high-calorie foods and fluids help meet physiological needs, which are a priority.
答え
D · Offer high-calorie finger foods and drinks the patient can take while moving
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Do not stop them suddenly
これが答えになる理由
Long-term steroids suppress the adrenal glands, so stopping suddenly can cause adrenal crisis. Patients should carry a steroid alert card or medical ID and follow sick-day guidance.
答え
C · Do not stop them suddenly
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Open the airway with a head tilt–chin lift or jaw thrust
これが答えになる理由
In a drowsy patient the tongue can fall back and obstruct the airway, causing snoring. Simple airway manoeuvres, oxygen and, if needed, an airway adjunct are used while help is called.
答え
C · Open the airway with a head tilt–chin lift or jaw thrust
In primary adrenal insufficiency the adrenal glands fail, so cortisol is low and the pituitary responds with high ACTH, which also darkens the skin. Low cortisol with low ACTH suggests a pituitary cause. An ACTH stimulation test confirms the diagnosis.確認に用いた資料:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Cortisol Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
D · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
11.薬理学
答え: C · A stimulant laxative such as senna, often with a stool softener
これが答えになる理由
Opioid-induced constipation does not usually resolve with time, so a laxative is started with the opioid. Stimulant laxatives counter reduced motility; bulk-forming laxatives alone can worsen symptoms if fluid intake is low.
答え
C · A stimulant laxative such as senna, often with a stool softener
12.薬理学
答え: B · IV hydrocortisone and IV fluids
これが答えになる理由
This suggests an adrenal crisis triggered by missed steroids and illness. Treatment is immediate IV or IM hydrocortisone, IV fluids with glucose as needed, and treating the cause.
答え
B · IV hydrocortisone and IV fluids
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Left ventricular hypertrophy on the ECG
これが答えになる理由
Target organ damage from hypertension includes left ventricular hypertrophy, retinopathy, chronic kidney disease with proteinuria, and stroke. Its presence changes treatment urgency and targets.
答え
D · Left ventricular hypertrophy on the ECG
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Stop smoking, control BP and seek help at once for sudden back pain
これが答えになる理由
Small aneurysms are usually monitored with regular ultrasound, with repair considered when they reach a threshold size or grow fast. Stopping smoking slows growth, and BP and cardiovascular risk are managed. Sudden abdominal or back pain may mean rupture and needs emergency care.
答え
B · Stop smoking, control BP and seek help at once for sudden back pain
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Low pH and low bicarbonate
これが答えになる理由
Failing kidneys cannot excrete acid or regenerate bicarbonate, causing a metabolic acidosis with low pH and low bicarbonate. The patient may breathe faster to blow off CO2 as compensation.
答え
B · Low pH and low bicarbonate
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Thyroid function tests
これが答えになる理由
Amiodarone is rich in iodine and can cause both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid function is checked before and during treatment. The symptoms here suggest hypothyroidism.
答え
A · Thyroid function tests
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
これが答えになる理由
Sucralfate binds to the ulcer base and forms a barrier against acid and pepsin. It works best on an empty stomach and can reduce the absorption of other drugs, so doses are separated.
答え
A · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Usually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers are usually continued around surgery because sudden withdrawal can cause rebound tachycardia and ischaemia. The patient follows the specific instructions from the preoperative assessment.
答え
D · Usually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Check her blood pressure and bladder often
これが答えになる理由
Epidurals cause sympathetic block, so hypotension is common. They also reduce the urge to void, so the bladder is checked and catheterised if needed. Lateral positions avoid aortocaval compression.
答え
A · Check her blood pressure and bladder often
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · "Breast milk lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis."
これが答えになる理由
Human milk, including expressed or donor milk, reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis and infection in preterm babies. It does not remove the need for other monitoring.
答え
A · "Breast milk lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis."
21.小児看護
答え: D · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
これが答えになる理由
Cool running water for about 20 minutes, within the first hours, limits burn depth and pain. Ice can cause further tissue damage and hypothermia, butter or toothpaste trap heat and add infection risk, and blisters should be left intact.
答え
D · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
22.小児看護
答え: A · "I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
これが答えになる理由
Putting objects in the mouth can break teeth, injure the mouth or block the airway; the tongue cannot be swallowed. Timing the seizure, protecting from injury and placing the child on the side afterwards are correct.
答え
A · "I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
23.精神看護
答え: A · Possible boundary problems that she should discuss in supervision
これが答えになる理由
Feeling special or indispensable to one patient, and giving them extra time, are warning signs of over-involvement. Discussing this in clinical supervision helps the nurse keep a therapeutic relationship.
答え
A · Possible boundary problems that she should discuss in supervision
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
オンスからポンドへ
3 oz/16 = 0.1875 lb
10 + 0.1875 = 10.19 lb
ポンドからキログラムへ
m = 10.19/2.2 = 4.631 ≈ 4.63 kg
答え
m = 4.63 kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: c = 362 mg/dL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
変換
c = 20.1·18 = 361.8 ≈ 362 mg/dL
答え
c = 362 mg/dL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 22.5 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
2·45 = 90 mg
1 回あたり
D = 90/4 = 22.5 mg
答え
D = 22.5 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 34.7 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
体表面積
BSA = √(102·17/3600) = √0.4817 = 0.694 m²
投与量
D = 50·0.694 = 34.7 mg
答え
D = 34.7 mg
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 360 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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