A patient was knocked out briefly in a fall, then woke and talked normally. Two hours later the patient becomes drowsy and one pupil is larger. What is the most likely cause?
ALow blood sugar from missing a meal
BNormal tiredness after a fall
CAn epidural hematoma
DA mild concussion that is settling
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which drug is first-line in an acute asthma attack?
AAn oral beta-blocker
BA long-acting inhaled corticosteroid, used alone at a higher dose
CAn oral antihistamine such as cetirizine taken every few hours
DA nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient has a full-thickness burn all the way round the forearm. Which complication must be watched for closely?
AExcessive bleeding from the burn surface needing an urgent blood transfusion
BDelayed hair growth on the arm
CHypoglycaemia caused by the body using glucose to heal the burn
DLoss of circulation to the hand as swelling builds under tight burned skin
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Apart from the lithium level, which tests are monitored regularly in long-term lithium therapy?
ATroponin and creatine kinase (CK)
BLiver enzymes and serum amylase
CINR and the platelet count
DKidney function and thyroid function
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with heavy alcohol use and a poor diet has a hemoglobin of 10.1 g/dL (101 g/L), an MCV of 110 fL and a low red cell folate. Which explanation fits best?
AFolate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
BAnemia caused by long-standing chronic kidney disease
CIron deficiency from slow, chronic bleeding in the gut
DThalassemia trait inherited from one of the parents
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient takes isoniazid. Which advice is most important?
ATake it with antacids to protect the stomach from irritation
BExpect the urine to turn orange
CAvoid alcohol and report jaundice, dark urine or poor appetite
DStop the drug when the cough improves
12.薬理学むずかしい
Carboprost is a prostaglandin used for postpartum haemorrhage. In which woman should it be avoided?
AA woman who is breastfeeding
BA woman who had a vaginal birth
CA woman with iron deficiency anaemia
DA woman with asthma
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why is intravenous furosemide given slowly rather than as a rapid push of a large dose?
An 82-year-old taking apixaban fell three weeks ago. Since then their family has noticed increasing confusion and headaches. Which condition is most likely?
ANormal ageing with mild memory loss
BSubarachnoid haemorrhage from an aneurysm
CAcute extradural haematoma
DChronic subdural haematoma
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
During haemodialysis, a patient suddenly becomes breathless with chest pain, and air is seen in the line. What should the nurse do first?
AContinue the session and recheck in 30 minutes
BSpeed up the pump to clear the air into the patient
CClamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
DSit the patient upright and give a drink of water
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which factor can precipitate hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with cirrhosis?
AA low-salt diet
BRegular gentle walking
CA high fluid intake
DConstipation
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Shortly after a spinal anaesthetic, a patient says their arms feel weak and it is hard to breathe, and the BP is falling. What is most likely?
AA high spinal block
BA normal spinal effect
CAn anxiety attack
DA post-dural puncture headache
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
頭血腫と産瘤はどのように見分けますか?
A頭血腫は頭皮の皮膚だけの柔らかい腫れである
B頭血腫は出生時にあり、数日で消える
C頭血腫は頭蓋骨の正中線を越える
D頭血腫は縫合線を越えない
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman at 20 weeks presents with painless cervical dilation and bulging membranes, without contractions. She lost a previous pregnancy in the same way. What is the likely diagnosis?
ACervical insufficiency
BPreterm labour caused by infection
CPlacenta praevia
DPlacental abruption
21.小児看護ふつう
Which statement about patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for a child is correct?
AOnly the child presses the button, unless a protocol says otherwise
BParents should press the button whenever the child is asleep
CThe nurse should press it every 5 minutes, day and night, to keep the pain away
DAny visitor may press it if the child seems uncomfortable
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 4-year-old says it is wrong to hit his sister "because then I get a time-out". Which level of Kohlberg's moral development does this reflect?
APreconventional level
BPostconventional level
CFormal operational level
DConventional level
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient taking valproate is starting lamotrigine. Why must lamotrigine be increased especially slowly?
AValproate makes lamotrigine work faster, so the dose must be increased quickly
BValproate raises lamotrigine levels, which increases the risk of a serious rash
CLamotrigine will lower the valproate level until it has no effect
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 500 mL の輸液を 12:00 に 80 mL/h で開始します。2 時間後に流量を 125 mL/h に変更し、その後は変更しません。開始から何時間後 t にバッグは空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
500 mL80 mL/h · 2 h125 mL/h
t = h
33.臨床アセスメントスコアふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の脈拍は 147/分、血圧は 157/94 mmHg です。ショック指数 SI = HR/SBP を求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
HR 147/minBP 157/94 mmHg
SI =
34.臨床アセスメントスコアむずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある成人の体重は 125 kg、身長は 195 cm です。BMI を計算し、WHO の体重区分をクリックしてください。
125 kg195 cm
1低体重(やせ)
2普通体重
3過体重
4肥満クラスI
5肥満クラスII
6肥満クラスIII
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: B · Two nurses count the apical and radial pulse at the same time for one minute
これが答えになる理由
A pulse deficit is the apical rate minus the radial rate, counted at the same time over a full minute. It shows that some heartbeats are too weak to reach the wrist, as in atrial fibrillation.
答え
B · Two nurses count the apical and radial pulse at the same time for one minute
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Helping a stable patient walk to the bathroom
これが答えになる理由
Routine help with care for a stable patient can be delegated. Assessment, teaching and evaluation need registered nurse judgement.
答え
B · Helping a stable patient walk to the bathroom
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
これが答えになる理由
Returning unused opioids to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site is the preferred way to dispose of them. Leftover opioids at home can be misused or taken by children or pets.
答え
C · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Small currents can travel along the wires straight to the heart and cause arrhythmias
これが答えになる理由
Wires that lead directly to the heart allow tiny currents (microshock) to reach the myocardium and cause ventricular fibrillation. Staff wear gloves when handling them, cover exposed ends and use properly grounded equipment.
答え
B · Small currents can travel along the wires straight to the heart and cause arrhythmias
An epidural hematoma often causes a brief loss of consciousness, a lucid interval, then rapid deterioration as arterial bleeding compresses the brain. It is a neurosurgical emergency.
答え
C · An epidural hematoma
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · A nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
これが答えになる理由
Short-acting beta2-agonists relieve bronchospasm within minutes. Oxygen to target, steroids and other treatments are added according to severity.
答え
D · A nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · Loss of circulation to the hand as swelling builds under tight burned skin
これが答えになる理由
Circumferential full-thickness burns form a tight eschar that acts like a tourniquet as oedema develops. Neurovascular checks are needed, and escharotomy may be required.
答え
D · Loss of circulation to the hand as swelling builds under tight burned skin
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Kidney function and thyroid function
これが答えになる理由
Long-term lithium can cause hypothyroidism and impair kidney function, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Creatinine/eGFR and TSH are therefore checked regularly, together with sodium and the lithium level.確認に用いた資料:Hypothyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
D · Kidney function and thyroid function
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Folate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
これが答えになる理由
Poor diet and alcohol reduce folate intake and absorption, causing macrocytic anemia, and alcohol itself also raises the MCV. Iron deficiency and thalassemia cause small cells. Folate is replaced after B12 deficiency is excluded, and thiamine is also commonly given.確認に用いた資料:Folate-deficiency anemia - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
A · Folate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
11.薬理学
答え: C · Avoid alcohol and report jaundice, dark urine or poor appetite
これが答えになる理由
Isoniazid can cause hepatitis, and alcohol increases the risk. Signs of liver injury are reported at once, and liver tests may be checked.
答え
C · Avoid alcohol and report jaundice, dark urine or poor appetite
12.薬理学
答え: D · A woman with asthma
これが答えになる理由
Carboprost is a PGF2-alpha analogue that can cause bronchospasm. Oxytocin is first-line, and carboprost is avoided in asthma.
答え
D · A woman with asthma
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Rapid high doses can damage hearing
これが答えになる理由
High plasma levels of loop diuretics can cause tinnitus and hearing loss (ototoxicity), especially with fast injection, renal impairment or other ototoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides. Large IV doses are therefore given slowly.
Older people have brain atrophy that stretches the bridging veins, and anticoagulants increase bleeding. A slow venous bleed can cause gradual confusion, headache or weakness over weeks. A CT scan is needed.
答え
D · Chronic subdural haematoma
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Clamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
これが答えになる理由
In suspected air embolism, the blood lines are clamped at once, the pump stopped, and the patient positioned on the left side with the head down to trap air in the right atrium. Oxygen is given and emergency help called.
答え
C · Clamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Constipation
これが答えになる理由
Constipation, GI bleeding, infection, dehydration, low potassium and sedative drugs can trigger encephalopathy. Keeping the bowels open, for example with lactulose, reduces ammonia absorption.
答え
D · Constipation
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · A high spinal block
これが答えになる理由
If local anaesthetic spreads upwards, it can affect the arms, breathing muscles and cardiac nerves, causing hypotension and bradycardia. It is an emergency; help is called, and breathing and circulation are supported.
Painless second-trimester cervical dilation without contractions suggests cervical insufficiency. A cervical cerclage may be offered in a later pregnancy.
答え
A · Cervical insufficiency
21.小児看護
答え: A · Only the child presses the button, unless a protocol says otherwise
これが答えになる理由
PCA is safe because a sedated child stops pressing the button. If others press it ("PCA by proxy") this safety is lost, risking overdose. Nurse- or parent-controlled analgesia is only used under specific protocols with extra monitoring.
答え
A · Only the child presses the button, unless a protocol says otherwise
22.小児看護
答え: A · Preconventional level
これが答えになる理由
At the preconventional level, typical of young children, right and wrong are judged by punishment and reward. Formal operational is one of Piaget's cognitive stages, not a Kohlberg level.
答え
A · Preconventional level
23.精神看護
答え: B · Valproate raises lamotrigine levels, which increases the risk of a serious rash
これが答えになる理由
Valproate inhibits the metabolism of lamotrigine, roughly doubling its levels. Because lamotrigine rash, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, is linked to rapid dose increases, a slower titration is used.
答え
B · Valproate raises lamotrigine levels, which increases the risk of a serious rash
24.精神看護
答え: A · パニックと決めつける前に、バイタルサインを含めて身体的にアセスメントし、方針に従って心電図を記録する
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
2 カップ = 2·240 = 480 mL
2 tsp = 2·5 = 10 mL
2 tbsp = 2·15 = 30 mL
8 fl oz = 8·30 = 240 mL
足す
V = 480 + 10 + 30 + 240 = 760 mL
答え
V = 760 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 263.3 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
投与量
D = 135·1.95 = 263.3 mg
答え
D = 263.3 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 7.5 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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