A patient receiving an aminoglycoside antibiotic, such as gentamicin, reports ringing in the ears. What should the nurse do?
AReassure the patient that it is a normal effect
BGive the next dose early to finish the course
CAdvise the patient to use ear drops
DHold the next dose and report it promptly
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
Which assignment by the charge nurse should be changed?
AAn LPN/LVN is assigned to admit a new patient from the emergency department
BAn RN is assigned to a patient receiving a blood transfusion
CA nursing assistant is assigned to help several stable patients with their meals
DAn LPN/LVN is assigned to give oral medications to stable patients
7.臨床看護学ふつう
慢性腎臓病の患者が食事で通常制限すべきものは?
A炭水化物を完全に
Bカリウムとリン
C水溶性ビタミンだけ
Dビタミン C と食物繊維
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient has a painful, punched-out ulcer on the toes, with a cold, pale foot and weak foot pulses. Which type of ulcer is most likely?
AA venous ulcer
BAn arterial ulcer
CA burn
DA pressure ulcer from bed rest
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with an upper gastrointestinal bleed has a BUN of 48 mg/dL (urea 17 mmol/L) and a normal creatinine. What is the most likely explanation?
AThe kidneys have suddenly lost most of their function
BThe liver has stopped making urea because of the bleeding
CDigested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
DSkeletal muscle is breaking down because of the blood loss
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with a stable INR on warfarin starts rifampin (rifampicin) for tuberculosis. Two weeks later the INR is 1.3. What is the most likely explanation?
ARifampin speeds up warfarin metabolism
BRifampin raises the INR, so it is wrong
CRifampin contains a lot of vitamin K
DTuberculosis causes the INR to fall
11.薬理学ふつう
Which group of effects would the nurse expect after a dose of an anticholinergic drug such as atropine?
ADiarrhoea, frequent urination and sweating
BHeavy salivation, slow heart rate and small pupils
CBronchial secretions, wheeze and tearing of the eyes
DDry mouth, faster heart rate and dilated pupils
12.薬理学むずかしい
A woman has received a high-dose oxytocin infusion with large volumes of hypotonic fluid for many hours. She now has a headache, confusion and a low serum sodium. What is the most likely cause?
ANormal tiredness after a long labour
BExcessive salt in the infusion fluid
CAn allergic reaction to oxytocin causing brain swelling
DWater intoxication from the antidiuretic effect of oxytocin
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A nurse measures blood pressure on a large upper arm using a cuff that is too small. What effect will this have?
Why is good blood pressure control important in chronic kidney disease?
AIt lowers the blood glucose
BIt cures chronic kidney disease
CIt raises the haemoglobin level in the blood
DIt slows the decline in kidney function
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
On day 6 after a subarachnoid haemorrhage, a patient becomes newly confused and develops weakness in one arm. The aneurysm was secured on day 1. What is the most likely cause?
ANormal tiredness after major surgery
BHypoglycaemia from reduced eating
CRe-bleeding from the secured aneurysm
DDelayed cerebral ischaemia from vasospasm
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
How is the height of an epidural sensory block usually checked?
AChecking the colour of the patient's urine
BTapping the knee with a reflex hammer and recording the score
CMeasuring the patient's blood glucose level
DTesting sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
In recovery, an awake and anxious patient cannot lift their head, and their breaths are shallow and weak. What is the most likely cause?
AA simple panic attack
BOpioid overdose with pinpoint pupils
CNormal tiredness after surgery
DResidual neuromuscular blockade
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Contractions start at 10:00, 10:04 and 10:08, and each lasts 60 seconds. How should the nurse describe them?
AEvery 4 minutes, lasting 240 seconds
BEvery 3 minutes, lasting 60 seconds
CEvery 4 minutes, lasting 60 seconds
DEvery 5 minutes, lasting 60 seconds
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A nurse teaches a first-time mother about exclusive breastfeeding. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"My milk supply increases the more often she feeds."
B"On hot days I should give my baby extra water between feeds."
C"I should feed my baby whenever she shows hunger cues."
D"Wet nappies help me check that she is getting enough."
21.小児看護ふつう
How should a parent respond to a 2-year-old's temper tantrum in a safe place?
AShout loudly at the child to make the tantrum stop sooner
BGive the child the sweet he wants so the tantrum stops
CStay calm, keep the child safe and do not give in to the demand
DSmack the child to show that tantrums are not allowed
22.小児看護むずかしい
A parent asks why the HPV vaccine is offered in early adolescence (at about 11 to 13 years, depending on the country). Which answer is best?
AChildren of this age are already likely to have the virus, so it treats the infection
BIt is given at this age because it prevents chickenpox in adolescence
CIt works best before any exposure to the virus, and young adolescents respond strongly
DIt is only effective if given in the first year of secondary school, before exams start
23.精神看護ふつう
Which side effects are most common with quetiapine?
AInsomnia and severe weight loss
BHigh prolactin with breast enlargement in almost every patient
CSedation, dizziness when standing and weight gain
DA cough and swollen ankles
24.精神看護むずかしい
A man has odd beliefs about being able to read minds, dresses eccentrically and has few friends because others make him anxious. He has never had sustained hallucinations or delusions. Which diagnosis fits best?
AAntisocial personality disorder
BSchizophrenia
CSchizotypal personality disorder
DHistrionic personality disorder with odd dress
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 少量の注射の投与量の計算結果は 0.34269 mL です。 この練習問題のルールは「1 mL未満の容量は、mLの小数第2位に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
0.34269 mL
x = mL
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 維持輸液が 100 mL/h で休みなく続いています。24時間で何リットル V を投与しますか。
100 mL/h24 h
V = L
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 20 kg の子どもに、2.5 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 50 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
20 kg2.5 mg/kg50 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
体重 10 kg の子どもに、5 mL 中に 120 mg を含む経口懸濁液が一回 5 mg/kg で処方されています。与える量 V はいくらですか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
10 kg5 mg/kg120 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
1000 mL を 8 時間で投与するよう指示されています。5 時間後、バッグにまだ 450 mL 残っていることがわかりましたが、予定どおりの時間に終える必要があります。 ポンプを何 mL/h の速度 R に設定し直す必要がありますか?
1000 mL / 8 h経過時間 5 h: 450 mL
R = mL/h
30.点滴速度むずかしい
点滴が 20 滴/mL のセットで 32 滴/分で落ちています。バッグには 450 mL 残っています。あと何時間 t で空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
32 gtt/min20 gtt/mL450 mL
t = h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある成人の体重は 60 kg、身長は 151 cm です。BMI を計算し、WHO の体重区分をクリックしてください。
60 kg151 cm
1低体重(やせ)
2普通体重
3過体重
4肥満クラスI
5肥満クラスII
6肥満クラスIII
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: A · Gradual rewarming with blankets and warm surroundings
これが答えになる理由
Gradual passive rewarming with blankets, a warm room and warm drinks if they can swallow is safe for mild hypothermia. Direct heat can burn and rapid rewarming can be dangerous.
答え
A · Gradual rewarming with blankets and warm surroundings
Aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity, which may be permanent. Tinnitus or hearing loss is reported promptly, and drug levels and kidney function are checked.
答え
D · Hold the next dose and report it promptly
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · An LPN/LVN is assigned to admit a new patient from the emergency department
これが答えになる理由
Admitting a new patient includes the initial assessment and plan of care, which belong to the RN. The other assignments match each staff member’s role.
答え
A · An LPN/LVN is assigned to admit a new patient from the emergency department
Arterial ulcers are usually on the feet or toes, painful and punched-out, with signs of poor perfusion. Venous ulcers are usually around the ankle, shallow and associated with swelling and skin staining.
答え
B · An arterial ulcer
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Digested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
これが答えになる理由
Blood in the upper gut is digested, and the absorbed protein is converted to urea, so the BUN rises out of proportion to the creatinine. Reduced kidney blood flow from volume loss can add to the rise.
答え
C · Digested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Rifampin speeds up warfarin metabolism
これが答えになる理由
Rifampin induces liver enzymes that break down warfarin, so warfarin's effect falls and the INR drops, increasing clot risk. The INR is monitored closely and the dose adjusted; the reverse happens when rifampin is stopped.
答え
A · Rifampin speeds up warfarin metabolism
11.薬理学
答え: D · Dry mouth, faster heart rate and dilated pupils
これが答えになる理由
Anticholinergic drugs block muscarinic receptors, so parasympathetic effects are reduced. This gives dry mouth, tachycardia, dilated pupils, constipation and urinary retention.
答え
D · Dry mouth, faster heart rate and dilated pupils
12.薬理学
答え: D · Water intoxication from the antidiuretic effect of oxytocin
これが答えになる理由
Oxytocin has antidiuretic activity at high doses. With large volumes of fluid this can cause water retention and dilutional hyponatraemia, so fluid balance and sodium are monitored.
答え
D · Water intoxication from the antidiuretic effect of oxytocin
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · The reading will be falsely high
これが答えになる理由
A cuff that is too small needs a higher pressure to compress the brachial artery, giving a falsely high reading. A cuff that is too large can give a falsely low reading. The bladder should encircle most of the arm, so cuff size is chosen by arm circumference.
Hypertension is both a cause and a result of CKD. Controlling it, often with an ACE inhibitor or ARB when albuminuria is present, slows the loss of kidney function and reduces cardiovascular risk.
答え
D · It slows the decline in kidney function
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Delayed cerebral ischaemia from vasospasm
これが答えになる理由
Vasospasm of cerebral arteries typically occurs several days after a subarachnoid haemorrhage and causes new focal deficits or confusion. It needs urgent medical review. Normal fluid balance is maintained, and nimodipine is continued.
答え
D · Delayed cerebral ischaemia from vasospasm
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Testing sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
これが答えになる理由
The level at which the patient no longer feels cold shows the upper extent of the sensory block. Motor block is assessed with a scale such as Bromage. A rising block or new weakness is reported.
答え
D · Testing sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Residual neuromuscular blockade
これが答えになる理由
Remaining muscle relaxant causes weakness, poor head lift and shallow breathing in an awake patient. The nurse supports breathing, gives oxygen and calls the anaesthetist, who may give a reversal agent.
答え
D · Residual neuromuscular blockade
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Every 4 minutes, lasting 60 seconds
これが答えになる理由
Frequency is measured from the start of one contraction to the start of the next (4 minutes), and duration from the start to the end of the same contraction (60 seconds). The 3 minutes between contractions is the resting interval.
答え
C · Every 4 minutes, lasting 60 seconds
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · "On hot days I should give my baby extra water between feeds."
これが答えになる理由
Exclusively breastfed babies under 6 months do not need extra water, even in hot weather; more frequent feeds meet their needs. Water can fill the stomach and reduce milk intake.
答え
B · "On hot days I should give my baby extra water between feeds."
21.小児看護
答え: C · Stay calm, keep the child safe and do not give in to the demand
これが答えになる理由
Tantrums are normal as toddlers seek autonomy but cannot yet manage frustration. Staying calm, keeping the child safe, ignoring the outburst and giving attention for calm behaviour work best; giving in reinforces tantrums.
答え
C · Stay calm, keep the child safe and do not give in to the demand
22.小児看護
答え: C · It works best before any exposure to the virus, and young adolescents respond strongly
これが答えになる理由
HPV is passed on through sexual contact, so vaccination is most effective before any exposure. Younger adolescents also produce a strong antibody response. The vaccine protects against HPV types that cause cervical and other cancers and genital warts.
答え
C · It works best before any exposure to the virus, and young adolescents respond strongly
23.精神看護
答え: C · Sedation, dizziness when standing and weight gain
これが答えになる理由
Quetiapine commonly causes drowsiness, orthostatic hypotension and metabolic effects. It has a lower risk of extrapyramidal effects and raised prolactin than many other antipsychotics.
答え
C · Sedation, dizziness when standing and weight gain
24.精神看護
答え: C · Schizotypal personality disorder
これが答えになる理由
Schizotypal personality disorder involves odd beliefs, magical thinking, eccentric behaviour and social anxiety. It lies on the schizophrenia spectrum, but without the sustained psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
5·10 = 50 mg
体積
V = (50/120)·5 = 2.083 ≈ 2.1 mL
答え
V = 2.1 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 150 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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