SSKIN stands for Surface, Skin inspection, Keep moving, Incontinence and moisture, and Nutrition and hydration. Regular repositioning relieves pressure on the skin.
答え
B · Keep moving
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Inform the surgeon so consent can be discussed again before surgery
これが答えになる理由
Consent is valid only if the patient understands the procedure, risks and alternatives. The nurse advocates for the patient and asks the person doing the procedure to discuss it again.
答え
A · Inform the surgeon so consent can be discussed again before surgery
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Decline, and give only medications that the nurse prepared or checked personally
これが答えになる理由
Nurses give only medicines they prepared themselves or verified fully, because they are accountable for what they give. A drug prepared by someone else may be wrong in ways the nurse cannot see.
答え
B · Decline, and give only medications that the nurse prepared or checked personally
Atropine is the first-line drug for symptomatic bradycardia. Metoprolol, digoxin and diltiazem slow the heart and would make things worse; pacing may be needed if atropine does not work.
答え: D · That the catheter and tubing are not kinked or blocked
これが答えになる理由
A sudden fall in catheter output may be due to a kinked, clamped or blocked catheter. If it is draining freely, the nurse assesses fluid status and vital signs and escalates possible hypovolaemia or AKI.
答え
D · That the catheter and tubing are not kinked or blocked
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Two to three soft stools a day and clearer thinking
これが答えになる理由
Lactulose acidifies the colon, traps ammonia and speeds its removal, so the goal is usually about 2–3 soft stools a day with improving mental status. Too much lactulose can cause severe diarrhea, dehydration and electrolyte loss.
答え
C · Two to three soft stools a day and clearer thinking
答え: B · It can cause dizziness, "electric shock" feelings and irritability
これが答えになる理由
Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome is common with short half-life drugs such as paroxetine and venlafaxine. The dose is tapered gradually under supervision.
答え
B · It can cause dizziness, "electric shock" feelings and irritability
答え: B · It can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors
これが答えになる理由
Beta-2 receptors in the airways mediate bronchodilation. Blocking them can trigger severe bronchospasm in asthma and also blunts the effect of salbutamol. Cardioselective beta-1 blockers are safer but still used with caution.
答え
B · It can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Chronic respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
これが答えになる理由
In chronic CO₂ retention, the kidneys retain bicarbonate over days, bringing the pH back towards normal. A normal pH with high PaCO₂ and high bicarbonate is compensated chronic respiratory acidosis. These patients usually have target saturations of 88–92%.
答え
D · Chronic respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · After about 6–8 weeks
これが答えになる理由
Levothyroxine has a half-life of about a week, so it takes several weeks to reach a new steady state. TSH is usually rechecked about 6–8 weeks after a dose change.
答え: C · Use a dedicated lumen and strict aseptic technique
これが答えになる理由
PN is rich in nutrients that bacteria can use. A dedicated lumen, aseptic non-touch technique and hanging limits reduce catheter-related bloodstream infection.
答え
C · Use a dedicated lumen and strict aseptic technique
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Do not use the tube until its position is confirmed by policy
これが答えになる理由
A change in external length means the tube may have moved. Pushing it back blindly is unsafe. It is not used until placement is confirmed by pH or X-ray, or it is replaced.
答え
D · Do not use the tube until its position is confirmed by policy
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Early hyperglycaemia raises the risk of birth defects
これが答えになる理由
Hyperglycaemia during organogenesis increases the risk of heart, neural tube and other anomalies and of miscarriage. Good preconception control and high-dose folic acid lower this risk.
答え
B · Early hyperglycaemia raises the risk of birth defects
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Hirschsprung disease
これが答えになる理由
Delayed meconium, abdominal distension and bilious vomiting suggest bowel obstruction, such as Hirschsprung disease. Bilious vomiting in a newborn is always an emergency.
答え
D · Hirschsprung disease
21.小児看護
答え: D · From left to right, increasing blood flow to the lungs
これが答えになる理由
Left ventricular pressure is higher, so blood flows from left to right, overloading the lungs and right heart. This causes increased pulmonary blood flow and can lead to heart failure in infancy.
答え
D · From left to right, increasing blood flow to the lungs
22.小児看護
答え: C · A 4-year-old with asthma who can say only one or two words between breaths
これが答えになる理由
Being unable to speak in sentences is a sign of severe or life-threatening asthma and needs immediate treatment. The other children have mild illness or are responding to treatment.
答え
C · A 4-year-old with asthma who can say only one or two words between breaths
23.精神看護
答え: C · An increased risk of stroke and death
これが答えになる理由
Antipsychotics in older people with dementia are linked to increased rates of stroke and death. They are used only when non-drug approaches have failed and distress or risk is severe, at the lowest dose for the shortest time.
答え
C · An increased risk of stroke and death
24.精神看護
答え: C · Recognise this as countertransference and discuss it in clinical supervision
これが答えになる理由
Countertransference is common and is not a failure, but it can affect care if not recognised. Supervision helps the nurse understand the reaction and keep the relationship therapeutic.
答え
C · Recognise this as countertransference and discuss it in clinical supervision
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.