Two call lights go on at the same time. One patient has pain of 7/10 after surgery. The other is a confused patient at high risk of falls who is climbing out of bed alone. Who does the nurse go to first?
AThe confused patient climbing out of bed
BWhichever patient’s room is closer to the station
CThe patient whose call light went on first
DThe patient in pain after surgery
7.臨床看護学ふつう
After a needlestick injury from a patient known to have HIV, why must the nurse report it immediately?
AThe nurse must be tested for HIV the same day to confirm infection
BPost-exposure prophylaxis works best when started as soon as possible
CThe needle must be sent for culture
DThe patient will need antibiotics
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
大手術後の患者の早期の悪化を見つけるのに最も役立つ看護アセスメントは?
A早期警告スコアを用いた定期的なバイタルサイン一式の測定と推移の確認
B気分がよいかどうかを患者に尋ねるだけ
C1 日 1 回の体温測定
D退院時にだけ創を確認する
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient takes high-dose biotin supplements for hair and nails. Why should the nurse report this before blood tests?
ABiotin lowers the hemoglobin by destroying the red cells
BBiotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH
CBiotin causes a true rise in blood glucose in all patients
DBiotin makes the blood clot in the tube before testing
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has a continuous heparin infusion for a pulmonary embolism. A new nurse plans to adjust the infusion using today's INR of 1.1. What should the experienced nurse explain?
AHeparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
BHeparin needs no laboratory monitoring once the infusion is started
CThe INR of 1.1 means the heparin rate must be doubled at once
DThe INR is the correct test, and 1.1 means heparin is therapeutic
11.薬理学ふつう
アミトリプチリンなどの三環系抗うつ薬の過量服用が特に危険なのはなぜですか?
A不整脈とけいれんを起こすから
B突然の高血糖を起こすから
C数時間以内に重い肝不全を起こすから
D腎結石を起こすから
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with severe liver cirrhosis needs a benzodiazepine for alcohol withdrawal. Why is lorazepam often chosen instead of diazepam?
ALorazepam is cleared by simple conjugation and has no active metabolites
BLorazepam does not cause sedation in liver disease
CLorazepam is a stronger anticonvulsant than all other benzodiazepines
DLorazepam is excreted unchanged in the urine without any metabolism
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient is on a short course of oral prednisolone for an asthma exacerbation. Which effect should the nurse monitor for?
ALow blood pressure
BSlow heart rate
CRaised blood glucose
DLow blood sodium
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on spironolactone and an ACE inhibitor has a potassium of 6.8 mmol/L (6.8 mEq/L) with peaked T waves. What is usually given first to protect the heart?
AOral potassium supplements
BA dose of digoxin
CIntravenous calcium gluconate or chloride
DAn IV furosemide bolus as the only treatment
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Where is the zero point of an external ventricular drain usually levelled?
AAt the mid-axillary line of the chest
BAt the tragus of the ear
CAt the top of the head
DAt the level of the umbilicus
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A 66-year-old smoker has had two episodes of painless red urine. Urine cultures are negative. Which plan is most appropriate?
AReassure him, because the blood has stopped
BUrgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
CAnother course of antibiotics for a UTI
DAdvise more fluids and review in a year
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
湿潤が必要な、乾燥したスラフのある創に、一般に適したドレッシングはどれですか?
Aハイドロジェル
Bフォーム
C乾いたガーゼ
Dアルギン酸塩
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A worker has a hydrofluoric acid burn on the hand and severe pain. After irrigation with water, which specific treatment is commonly applied?
ACalcium gluconate gel
BSilver sulfadiazine cream
CIce cubes wrapped in a cloth
DSodium bicarbonate paste
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
On day 1 after birth, a woman's white cell count is mildly raised and she has no symptoms. How should this be interpreted?
The Sepsis Six are: give oxygen if needed, take blood cultures, give IV antibiotics, give IV fluids, check lactate and monitor urine output, ideally within the first hour.
答え
C · Measuring urine output
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
これが答えになる理由
A dusky, purple or black stoma suggests ischaemia or necrosis, which can need surgery. The nurse reports it to the surgical team at once.
答え
D · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Looped cords on window blinds
これが答えになる理由
Young children can become entangled in looped blind and curtain cords. Cordless blinds or cord tie-downs, and keeping cribs away from windows, prevent strangulation.
答え
D · Looped cords on window blinds
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Notify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop
これが答えになる理由
Head injury in a patient on anticoagulants can cause bleeding inside the skull that shows signs later. The provider is told at once, imaging may be needed and neurological checks are done closely.
答え
D · Notify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop
A confused patient climbing out of bed could fall and be badly injured within moments. Pain needs prompt treatment, but the immediate safety risk comes first.
答え
A · The confused patient climbing out of bed
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when started as soon as possible
これが答えになる理由
HIV post-exposure prophylaxis should be started as soon as possible after exposure, ideally within hours. Occupational health or the emergency department will assess the risk and arrange follow-up testing.
答え
B · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when started as soon as possible
答え: B · Biotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH
これが答えになる理由
Many immunoassays use biotin-streptavidin binding, and high blood biotin levels can give falsely high or low results, for example a falsely low troponin or abnormal thyroid tests. The laboratory and prescriber should know about biotin use.
答え
B · Biotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
これが答えになる理由
Unfractionated heparin infusions are adjusted using the aPTT or anti-factor Xa level according to protocol. The INR monitors warfarin and is little affected by heparin at usual doses. Using the wrong test can cause under- or over-anticoagulation.
答え
A · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
答え: A · Lorazepam is cleared by simple conjugation and has no active metabolites
これが答えになる理由
Diazepam is metabolised by CYP enzymes into long-acting active metabolites, which accumulate in liver failure. Lorazepam, oxazepam and temazepam are glucuronidated, a process better preserved in liver disease.
答え
A · Lorazepam is cleared by simple conjugation and has no active metabolites
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Raised blood glucose
これが答えになる理由
Corticosteroids raise blood glucose, which matters especially in diabetes. Short courses can also cause mood changes, insomnia, indigestion and fluid retention. Long-term use adds osteoporosis, adrenal suppression and infection risk.
答え
C · Raised blood glucose
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Intravenous calcium gluconate or chloride
これが答えになる理由
Severe hyperkalaemia with ECG changes is an emergency. IV calcium stabilises the myocardium within minutes. Insulin with glucose and nebulised salbutamol shift potassium into cells, and the cause (here spironolactone and the ACE inhibitor) is stopped. Cardiac monitoring is essential.
答え
C · Intravenous calcium gluconate or chloride
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · At the tragus of the ear
これが答えになる理由
The EVD is levelled at the tragus, which approximates the foramen of Monro. If the head of the bed is changed, the drain must be re-levelled, because its height decides how much CSF drains.
答え
B · At the tragus of the ear
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Urgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
これが答えになる理由
Painless visible haematuria in an older smoker, with no infection, must be investigated urgently for bladder or kidney cancer. Intermittent bleeding does not mean the cause has gone.
Hydrofluoric acid penetrates deeply and binds calcium and magnesium, causing severe pain and possible life-threatening hypocalcaemia. Calcium gluconate gel binds fluoride; serum calcium and heart rhythm are monitored in larger exposures.
答え
A · Calcium gluconate gel
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · It can be normal soon after birth
これが答えになる理由
Leucocytosis is common in labour and the early postnatal period. It must be interpreted with clinical signs such as fever, pain and lochia changes rather than on its own.
Many children with haemophilia feel tingling, warmth or tightness in a joint before pain, swelling and reduced movement develop. Treating early with factor replacement limits joint damage.
答え: C · Limits in both intellectual and adaptive functioning, starting in childhood
これが答えになる理由
Intellectual disability requires limitations in intellectual functions and in adaptive functioning, such as communication, self-care and social skills, starting in childhood. Severity is based mainly on adaptive functioning.
答え
C · Limits in both intellectual and adaptive functioning, starting in childhood
24.精神看護
答え: C · Use simple statements, allow extra time for answers and stay with the patient even in silence
これが答えになる理由
Psychomotor slowing makes answering hard. Short, simple communication, patience and a calm presence show acceptance, while pressure or forced cheerfulness can increase feelings of failure.
答え
C · Use simple statements, allow extra time for answers and stay with the patient even in silence
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 3 mg/h × (1000 mcg/1 mg) × (1 h/60 min)
計算する
D = 3000/60 = 50 mcg/min
答え
D = 50 mcg/min
27.投与量の計算
答え: m = 100 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
濃度
5% = 5 g/100 mL = 50 mg/mL
薬剤の質量
m = 50·2 = 100 mg
答え
m = 100 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 2.5 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
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