Which statement about giving IV potassium is correct?
AIt needs no monitoring at all once the infusion is running
BIt is diluted and given through an infusion pump, never as a bolus
CIt is safest given through a small vein in the hand at a fast rate
DIt can be given quickly as a push to correct the level fast
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with CKD has a high phosphate, a low calcium and a high PTH. What does this show?
APrimary hyperparathyroidism from a tumour
BHypoparathyroidism after neck surgery
CToo much vitamin D from supplements
DSecondary hyperparathyroidism from CKD
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why are urinary catheters removed as early as possible after surgery?
ABecause catheters always cause kidney stones
BTo reduce the risk of catheter-associated infection
CBecause patients cannot drink normally while a catheter is in place
DBecause the catheter stops the bowel working
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Hours after an oesophageal dilatation, a patient has chest pain, fever and crackling swelling under the skin of the neck. What should the nurse suspect?
The five rights of delegation are the right task, circumstance, person, direction or communication, and supervision or evaluation. The registered nurse stays accountable for the decision to delegate.
答え: C · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
これが答えになる理由
Returning unused opioids to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site is the preferred way to dispose of them. Leftover opioids at home can be misused or taken by children or pets.
答え
C · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
答え: D · “I will keep my spare insulin in the freezer so it lasts longer.”
これが答えになる理由
Freezing damages insulin, and frozen insulin should not be used. Unopened insulin is kept in the fridge, and heat and expired products are avoided.
答え
D · “I will keep my spare insulin in the freezer so it lasts longer.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site
これが答えになる理由
Direct manual pressure just above the puncture site compresses the femoral artery and stops bleeding. The patient keeps the leg straight, and the nurse checks vital signs and distal pulses and informs the provider.
答え
A · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Their stools may turn dark or black
これが答えになる理由
Oral iron commonly darkens the stool and can cause constipation or stomach upset. Tea and antacids reduce absorption, while vitamin C may increase it.
目標範囲を下回る INR は、この適応にとって血液が凝固しやすすぎることを意味します。処方者に知らせ、用量と、飲み忘れや相互作用などの可能性のある原因を見直します。確認に用いた資料:Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
People with latent TB carry dormant bacteria that can reactivate, especially if immunity weakens. Treatment reduces the risk of active disease, which would be infectious.
答え: B · It is diluted and given through an infusion pump, never as a bolus
これが答えになる理由
Concentrated potassium given quickly can cause fatal arrhythmias. IV potassium is given in a diluted, ready-made solution through an infusion pump at a controlled rate, with monitoring of potassium and, at higher rates, the ECG.
答え
B · It is diluted and given through an infusion pump, never as a bolus
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Secondary hyperparathyroidism from CKD
これが答えになる理由
In CKD, phosphate retention and low active vitamin D lower calcium, so the parathyroid glands release more PTH. This secondary hyperparathyroidism weakens bone. Treatment includes phosphate control, vitamin D and sometimes calcimimetics.
答え
D · Secondary hyperparathyroidism from CKD
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · To reduce the risk of catheter-associated infection
これが答えになる理由
The risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection increases with duration. Daily review of the need for a catheter, and early removal, reduce infection and help mobilisation.
答え
B · To reduce the risk of catheter-associated infection
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Oesophageal perforation
これが答えになる理由
Chest pain, fever and surgical (subcutaneous) emphysema after instrumentation suggest oesophageal perforation, which can cause mediastinitis. The patient is kept nil by mouth and reviewed urgently; CT confirms it.
答え: D · More fibre and fluids, a regular toilet time after meals and laxatives if prescribed
これが答えになる理由
Management of functional constipation combines diet (fibre, fluids), regular unhurried toilet sitting after meals, praise-based behaviour support and prescribed laxatives. Withholding stool at school worsens it.
答え
D · More fibre and fluids, a regular toilet time after meals and laxatives if prescribed
答え: D · Marked mood symptoms in the week before menstruation that improve within a few days after it starts
これが答えになる理由
In PMDD, symptoms such as irritability, low mood, anxiety and mood swings occur in the final week before menses, improve after onset and are minimal in the week after. Symptoms should be confirmed with daily ratings over at least two cycles.
答え
D · Marked mood symptoms in the week before menstruation that improve within a few days after it starts
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
全投与期間
V = 2.5 mL × 4/日 × 5 = 50 mL
答え
V = 50 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 22.5 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
7.5·12 = 90 mg
1 回あたり
D = 90/4 = 22.5 mg
答え
D = 22.5 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 112.8 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 20/min → 0
SpO₂ 90% → 3
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 136 mmHg → 0
HR 64/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 39.0 °C → 1
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 3 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 6
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
中
答え
中
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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