AOnly when the patient is known to have an infection
BFor every patient contact, including taking a pulse or blood pressure
COnly when handling medicines
DWhen contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
臥位と立位の血圧を測定します。起立性低血圧の通常の定義を満たす結果はどれですか?
A立ち上がってから 3 分以内に収縮期血圧が 20 mmHg 以上下がる
B立ち上がると心拍数が 1 分間に 5 回増える
C10 分間じっと立ったあとに、収縮期血圧が 5 mmHg 以上下がる
D立ち上がると収縮期血圧が 20 mmHg 上がる
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient wants to use their own electric hair dryer in the hospital. What is correct?
AIt can be used straight away if it looks new
BIt can be used in the bathroom near the sink if the patient is careful
CIt can be plugged into an extension lead under the bed
DIt is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nursing student describes how they remove PPE (gown, gloves and a mask worn for splash protection) at the doorway before leaving a contact precautions room. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I roll the gown inward as I take it off.”
B“I take off my mask first, and then I take off my gloves.”
C“I remove my gloves without touching the outside with my bare hand.”
D“I clean my hands as soon as all the PPE is off.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient wants to leave the hospital against medical advice. What should the nurse do?
AHide the patient’s clothes and belongings until the provider arrives
BLock the door so the patient cannot leave the unit
CLet the patient leave without telling anyone
DInform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with anorexia nervosa is admitted. Which finding is the priority?
AHas fine, downy hair on her arms
BHeart rate 38/min and potassium 2.8 mEq/L
CRefuses to eat in front of other people
DSays she feels fat although she is very thin
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which advice is correct for a patient taking levothyroxine?
ATake it on an empty stomach, usually before breakfast
BTake it only on days when feeling tired
CTake it with a large meal to avoid nausea and stomach upset
DStop taking it once the symptoms improve
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Why should "units" never be abbreviated to "U" or "IU" on an insulin prescription?
AThe abbreviation is only allowed on prescriptions for children
BThe letters can be misread as a zero, causing a tenfold overdose
CPharmacists cannot dispense insulin written that way
DIt changes the type of insulin given
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
慢性腎臓病の患者に、貧血が多いのはなぜですか?
A腎臓が、赤血球の産生を促すエリスロポエチンをあまり作らなくなるため
B尿毒症性の毒素により、骨髄が赤血球ではなく白血球を作るようになるため
C腎疾患での高カリウムが、赤血球を壊すため
D傷んだ腎臓が、赤血球を濾過して破壊するため
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has a positive hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) test. What is the most appropriate next step?
AGive hepatitis C vaccine to prevent further infection
BTest for HCV RNA to find out whether infection is current
CRepeat the antibody test, as a positive test is always false
DTell the patient they definitely have chronic hepatitis C
A patient who had a leg amputation says they feel burning pain in the missing foot. What is the best response?
AExplain that phantom limb pain is real and arrange treatment
BTell the patient the pain must be imaginary as the foot has gone
CExplain that burning pain in the missing foot shows wound infection
DAdvise that it will be ignored until it stops
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Four hours after cardiac surgery, the mediastinal drain, which had been draining steadily, suddenly stops. BP falls to 84/60 mmHg, the heart rate rises and the CVP climbs. What should the nurse suspect?
ACardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
BFluid overload from intravenous fluids
CNormal recovery, as the bleeding has stopped
DA tension pneumothorax on the left side
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient taking warfarin is diagnosed with an intracerebral haemorrhage. What is the priority treatment?
答え: D · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
これが答えになる理由
Under standard precautions, gloves are worn when exposure to blood or body fluids is likely. Wearing them for all contact gives false security and can spread germs if not changed.
答え
D · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
答え: D · It is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
これが答えになる理由
Electrical items from home can be faulty and cause shocks or fires. Policies usually require them to be inspected before use, and extension cords near patients are avoided.
答え
D · It is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · “I take off my mask first, and then I take off my gloves.”
これが答えになる理由
Gloves are the most contaminated item and are removed first, so dirty gloves do not touch the face or mask. Gown and gloves are taken off at the doorway before leaving the room, and hand hygiene follows. The other steps are correct.
答え
B · “I take off my mask first, and then I take off my gloves.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Inform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
これが答えになる理由
A competent adult has the right to leave. The nurse informs the provider, makes sure the patient understands the risks and documents it; holding the patient against their will may be false imprisonment.
答え
D · Inform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Heart rate 38/min and potassium 2.8 mEq/L
これが答えになる理由
Severe bradycardia and low potassium can cause fatal arrhythmias. The body-image beliefs and eating behaviors matter, but physiological safety comes first.
答え
B · Heart rate 38/min and potassium 2.8 mEq/L
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Take it on an empty stomach, usually before breakfast
これが答えになる理由
Levothyroxine is absorbed best on an empty stomach and is usually taken at the same time each morning. It is normally lifelong, with doses adjusted by thyroid blood tests.
答え
A · Take it on an empty stomach, usually before breakfast
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · The letters can be misread as a zero, causing a tenfold overdose
これが答えになる理由
"U" can be misread as 0, so "10U" might be read as 100, and "IU" can be mistaken for "IV" or "10". Writing "units" in full is a standard safety rule (ISMP), because insulin errors can cause severe hypoglycaemia.
答え
B · The letters can be misread as a zero, causing a tenfold overdose
答え: B · Test for HCV RNA to find out whether infection is current
これが答えになる理由
Anti-HCV shows exposure, but some people clear the virus and keep antibodies. An HCV RNA test shows whether the infection is current. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, but antiviral treatment can cure most infections.確認に用いた資料:Hepatitis C · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
B · Test for HCV RNA to find out whether infection is current
答え: A · Explain that phantom limb pain is real and arrange treatment
これが答えになる理由
Phantom limb pain is common after amputation and arises from changes in nerves and the brain. It is real and treated with analgesia, including drugs for neuropathic pain, plus measures such as mirror therapy. It does not mean infection.
答え
A · Explain that phantom limb pain is real and arrange treatment
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
これが答えになる理由
A sudden stop in drainage with falling blood pressure, tachycardia and rising venous pressure suggests blood is collecting around the heart because the drain is blocked. Tamponade after cardiac surgery is an emergency: the surgeon is called at once and the chest may need to be reopened.
答え
A · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Urgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect
これが答えになる理由
Anticoagulants make the haematoma expand. Warfarin is reversed urgently, typically with prothrombin complex concentrate and IV vitamin K. Thrombolysis and antiplatelets are contraindicated in a bleed.
答え: D · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
これが答えになる理由
Delirium prevention includes using glasses and hearing aids, orientation, good sleep, hydration, nutrition, early mobilisation, pain control, avoiding unnecessary sedatives and involving family.
答え
D · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Myoglobin from muscle damage; a higher urine output target
これが答えになる理由
Electrical injury can cause extensive muscle breakdown, releasing myoglobin that can damage the kidneys. A higher urine output target is set, with fluids titrated and creatine kinase and kidney function monitored.
答え
B · Myoglobin from muscle damage; a higher urine output target
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Shivering and fever
これが答えになる理由
Misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analogue, commonly causes shivering and a raised temperature, as well as nausea and diarrhoea. It is useful where other uterotonics are not available.
答え
A · Shivering and fever
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Record it and arrange follow-up; many descend later
これが答えになる理由
An undescended testis is common, especially in preterm boys, and often descends in the first months. If it has not descended by about 6 months, referral for surgery (orchidopexy) is recommended.
答え
B · Record it and arrange follow-up; many descend later
答え: A · Seek urgent care, as factor replacement may be needed before symptoms appear
これが答えになる理由
Intracranial bleeding is the most dangerous bleed in haemophilia and can develop hours after injury. Any significant head injury needs urgent assessment and usually prompt factor replacement. Aspirin is avoided because it impairs platelet function.
答え
A · Seek urgent care, as factor replacement may be needed before symptoms appear
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
20·25 = 500 mg
1 回あたり
D = 500/3 = 166.7 mg
答え
D = 166.7 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 12.5 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
20000/250 = 80 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 1000/80 = 12.5 mL/h
答え
R = 12.5 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 2400 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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