Why is early mobilisation important for older inpatients?
ABed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
BIt lets staff change the beds more easily while patients are up
CWalking makes older patients' bones grow longer
DOlder patients do not need sleep during the day
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Which postoperative finding should be reported most urgently?
AUrine output of 50 mL in the last hour
BPain score of 4/10 at the wound site when moving
CTemperature 37.4 °C on the first day
DRespiratory rate 8/min and difficult to rouse
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Which PPE does a nurse wear when giving an IV chemotherapy drug?
ATwo pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
BA reusable cloth gown and one pair of gloves
CA surgical mask and no gloves
DOne pair of standard latex gloves, changed after the infusion is started
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
An 80-year-old patient took a sleeping tablet an hour ago and now wants to go to the bathroom. What should the nurse do?
ATell the patient to wait until the morning
BWalk with the patient to the bathroom and stay close by
CTell the patient to go alone and use the call light if needed
DRaise all four side rails so the patient stays in bed
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
An Rh-negative mother has just given birth to an Rh-positive baby. What does the nurse expect to give the mother?
AA dose of the hepatitis B vaccine instead
BRh immunoglobulin within 72 hours
CVitamin K to the mother
DNo treatment is needed
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
After a head injury, a patient has clear fluid dripping from the nose. Which action should the nurse avoid?
AInforming the provider about the drainage
BPlacing a loose gauze under the nose
CInserting a tube or suction catheter through the nose
DChecking the fluid for glucose or a halo sign on gauze
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A nurse finds a patient lying on the floor beside the bed. What should be done first?
AComplete the incident report form
BLift the patient straight back into bed so they are comfortable
CCheck the patient for injuries before moving them
DPhone the patient's family
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient on an unfractionated heparin infusion is also started on warfarin. Which tests are used to monitor each drug?
AINR for heparin and APTT for warfarin
BD-dimer for both drugs
CPlatelet count for both drugs
DAPTT for heparin and INR for warfarin
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with iron-deficiency anemia started oral iron. Which result is usually the earliest sign that treatment is working?
AA fall in the mean cell volume (MCV)
BA rise in the platelet count
CA rise in the reticulocyte count
DA fall in the white cell count
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient's low calcium does not improve despite several days of calcium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked and corrected?
AMagnesium
BBicarbonate
CChloride
DSodium
11.薬理学ふつう
Why is hypovolaemia corrected with IV fluids before or while starting a vasopressor?
AVasopressors cause the patient to retain too much fluid
BVasopressors only work when they are diluted in large fluid volumes
CFluids stop the vasopressor causing a fever
DVasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
12.薬理学むずかしい
薬 X は最大反応 100%、EC50 1 mg です。薬 Y は最大反応 100%、EC50 10 mg です。正しい記述はどれですか?
AX は Y より有効性が高い
BY は X より有効性が高い
CY は X より力価が高く、両者の有効性は同じである
DX は Y より力価が高く、両者の有効性は同じである
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How is orthostatic (postural) hypotension usually assessed?
ABP only standing, after a brisk walk along the corridor
BBP lying after rest, then again after 1 and 3 minutes standing
CBP in both arms at the same moment while sitting
DBP once sitting, then once lying down straight after a large meal
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with severe sepsis becomes increasingly breathless over 24 hours. SpO₂ stays low despite high-flow oxygen, and the chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates. The heart function is normal. Which condition is most likely?
ASpontaneous pneumothorax
BAcute left ventricular failure after an MI
CAcute respiratory distress syndrome
DAn acute asthma attack
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which nursing care is most important for a patient with diabetes insipidus?
AA strict fluid restriction to reduce the amount of urine passed
BWeighing the patient once a month
CGiving a loop diuretic to clear extra fluid
DStrict fluid balance, daily weight and free access to water
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Which patient with a spinal cord injury is at risk of autonomic dysreflexia?
AA patient with an injury at L3
BA patient with an injury at L5
CA patient with an injury at T4
DA patient with an injury at S2
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
How should a patient with facial burns usually be positioned?
AWith the head of the bed raised to reduce swelling
BLying face down on the pillow to protect the airway
CLying flat with the head lower than the feet
DIn any position that keeps the face covered
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
体表面積35%の熱傷の患者が、過代謝期に入ろうとしています。最も適切な栄養計画はどれですか?
Aエネルギーとタンパク質が豊富な、早期の経腸栄養
B熱傷の創が治るまで、清澄水のみ
C腎臓を障害から守るための、低タンパク食
D腸を完全に休ませるため、2週間の絶飲食
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
On day 2, a newborn has red blotches with small yellow-white centres on the trunk. The baby is well. What is most likely?
AHerpes simplex infection
BPort-wine stain
CNeonatal sepsis
DErythema toxicum
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman with an epidural in labour now has a temperature of 38.0 °C (100.4 °F). Which statement is most accurate?
AFever in labour can be ignored if the baby is moving
BThe epidural may cause it, but infection must be ruled out
CFever with an epidural always means the catheter is infected
DFever with an epidural is always caused by the epidural
21.小児看護ふつう
Which measure should be avoided in a sickle cell pain crisis?
ARegular pain assessment and analgesia
BCold packs on the painful area
CWarm packs and gentle positioning
DGenerous fluids by mouth or IV
22.小児看護むずかしい
A family with a 2-year-old has a swimming pool in the garden. Which measure gives the most protection against drowning?
AArm floats whenever the child is near the pool
BA four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate, plus constant supervision
CExplaining to the child that the pool is dangerous
DSwimming lessons from age 2, so that close supervision is no longer needed
23.精神看護ふつう
A man with few physical symptoms is convinced he has cancer, checks his body many times a day and is not reassured by normal test results. According to DSM-5, which disorder does this suggest?
ASomatic symptom disorder
BFactitious disorder
CConversion disorder
DIllness anxiety disorder
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient in a mental health unit asks to read his own health records. What is the correct general principle?
AOnly his family can request access to his records on his behalf
BPatients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
CThe nurse should give him the records immediately without following any procedure
DPsychiatric patients are never allowed to see their records
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある新生児の体重は 5 lb 10 oz です。1 lb = 16 oz と 1 kg = 2.2 lb を使って、体重 m をキログラムで求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
5 lb 10 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 維持輸液が 25 mL/h で休みなく続いています。24時間で何リットル V を投与しますか。
25 mL/h24 h
V = L
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 12 kg です。指示量は 1 日 30 mg/kg で、3 回に等分して投与します。1 回あたり何 mg D 投与しますか?
12 kg30 mg/kg/日3× 1 日あたり
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 4050 単位で、薬は 5000 単位/mL で供給されます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
4050 units5000 units/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
500 mL を 12 時間で投与するよう指示されています。3 時間後、バッグにまだ 470 mL 残っていることがわかりましたが、予定どおりの時間に終える必要があります。 ポンプを何 mL/h の速度 R に設定し直す必要がありますか?
500 mL / 12 h経過時間 3 h: 470 mL
R = mL/h
30.点滴速度むずかしい
薬剤 500 mg を 250 mL に希釈し、20 滴/mL のセットで自然落下で投与します。指示は 1 時間あたり 120 mg です。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
500 mg/250 mL120 mg/h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 65 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
65 kg12 h尿: 200 mL尿: 225 mL尿: 475 mL創部ドレーン: 50 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.輸液と水分出納むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 500 mL の輸液を 16:00 に 75 mL/h で開始します。3 時間後に流量を 125 mL/h に変更し、その後は変更しません。開始から何時間後 t にバッグは空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
答え: A · Bed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
これが答えになる理由
Older adults lose muscle strength quickly in bed, which leads to falls and loss of independence. Getting up, dressed and moving as soon as safe helps prevent this deconditioning.
答え
A · Bed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Respiratory rate 8/min and difficult to rouse
これが答えになる理由
A low respiratory rate with reduced consciousness may mean opioid toxicity or deterioration and threatens the airway. The other findings are common after surgery and can be managed routinely.
答え
D · Respiratory rate 8/min and difficult to rouse
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
これが答えになる理由
Hazardous drugs can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled. Staff wear double chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable, low-permeability gown, with eye and face protection if splashing is possible.
答え
A · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Walk with the patient to the bathroom and stay close by
これが答えになる理由
Hypnotics cause drowsiness and unsteadiness, especially in older adults, and many falls happen on the way to the toilet at night. The nurse assists the patient rather than restricting them or leaving them alone.
答え
B · Walk with the patient to the bathroom and stay close by
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Rh immunoglobulin within 72 hours
これが答えになる理由
Rh immunoglobulin given within 72 hours of birth prevents the mother from forming anti-D antibodies, which could harm a future Rh-positive baby.
答え
B · Rh immunoglobulin within 72 hours
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Inserting a tube or suction catheter through the nose
これが答えになる理由
Clear nasal drainage after a head injury can be cerebrospinal fluid from a basal skull fracture. Nasal tubes could enter the brain and introduce infection, so they are avoided.
答え
C · Inserting a tube or suction catheter through the nose
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Check the patient for injuries before moving them
これが答えになる理由
After a fall, the patient is assessed first, including airway, breathing, circulation, head injury and possible fractures, before deciding how to move them safely. The fall is then reported and the care plan reviewed.
答え
C · Check the patient for injuries before moving them
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · APTT for heparin and INR for warfarin
これが答えになる理由
The APTT reflects the intrinsic pathway and is used to adjust heparin infusions. Warfarin is monitored by the INR, a standardised prothrombin time. Platelets are also checked on heparin to detect HIT.
答え
D · APTT for heparin and INR for warfarin
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · A rise in the reticulocyte count
これが答えになる理由
Once iron is available, the marrow releases more young red cells, so the reticulocyte count rises within about 1–2 weeks. The hemoglobin rises more slowly over weeks, and iron stores take months to refill.確認に用いた資料:Reticulocyte Count · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · A rise in the reticulocyte count
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Magnesium
これが答えになる理由
Low magnesium reduces parathyroid hormone secretion and the body's response to it, so hypocalcemia does not correct until magnesium is replaced. The same applies to refractory hypokalemia.確認に用いた資料:Magnesium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答え
A · Magnesium
11.薬理学
答え: D · Vasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
これが答えになる理由
Vasoconstriction without adequate volume reduces organ blood flow and can cause ischaemia. Fluid resuscitation restores preload, and vasopressors are then used for persistent hypotension.
答え
D · Vasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
答え: B · BP lying after rest, then again after 1 and 3 minutes standing
これが答えになる理由
Blood pressure is measured after the patient has been lying for about 5 minutes, then after 1 and 3 minutes of standing. A fall in systolic pressure of 20 mmHg or more, or diastolic of 10 mmHg or more, indicates orthostatic hypotension. Symptoms such as dizziness are recorded too.
答え
B · BP lying after rest, then again after 1 and 3 minutes standing
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Acute respiratory distress syndrome
これが答えになる理由
ARDS is acute, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema caused by widespread inflammation, triggered by sepsis, pneumonia, trauma or pancreatitis. It causes severe hypoxaemia that responds poorly to oxygen, with bilateral infiltrates not explained by heart failure. Treatment includes lung-protective ventilation and often prone positioning.
答え
C · Acute respiratory distress syndrome
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Strict fluid balance, daily weight and free access to water
これが答えになる理由
Patients with DI can become dehydrated and hypernatraemic quickly. Strict input and output, daily weights, sodium monitoring and access to water are essential. Desmopressin replaces the missing ADH in cranial DI.
答え
D · Strict fluid balance, daily weight and free access to water
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · A patient with an injury at T4
これが答えになる理由
Autonomic dysreflexia usually occurs with injuries at T6 or above. Below this level, the body can still control the sympathetic response to stimuli such as a full bladder. Lumbar and sacral injuries do not usually cause it.
答え
C · A patient with an injury at T4
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · With the head of the bed raised to reduce swelling
これが答えになる理由
Raising the head reduces facial and airway swelling. The airway is monitored closely because swelling can increase over the first 24–48 hours.
答え
A · With the head of the bed raised to reduce swelling
Erythema toxicum is a common, benign rash that appears in the first days and resolves without treatment. A well baby with a typical rash needs only reassurance, but blistering or an unwell baby needs review.
答え
D · Erythema toxicum
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · The epidural may cause it, but infection must be ruled out
これが答えになる理由
Epidurals are associated with a rise in maternal temperature, but this cannot be assumed. Intra-amniotic infection must be considered, especially with prolonged rupture of membranes or fetal tachycardia.
答え
B · The epidural may cause it, but infection must be ruled out
21.小児看護
答え: B · Cold packs on the painful area
これが答えになる理由
Cold causes vasoconstriction and can increase sickling, so cold packs are avoided. Warmth, hydration, effective analgesia (often including opioids) and oxygen if hypoxic are used.
答え
B · Cold packs on the painful area
22.小児看護
答え: B · A four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate, plus constant supervision
これが答えになる理由
Isolation fencing that fully separates the pool from the house and garden, combined with active adult supervision, is the most effective protection. Flotation aids and lessons do not replace supervision, and toddlers cannot reliably follow safety rules.
答え
B · A four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate, plus constant supervision
23.精神看護
答え: D · Illness anxiety disorder
これが答えになる理由
In illness anxiety disorder, the person is preoccupied with having or getting a serious illness, with no or only mild symptoms. In somatic symptom disorder, the distressing physical symptoms themselves are prominent. ICD-11 calls this condition hypochondriasis.
答え
D · Illness anxiety disorder
24.精神看護
答え: B · Patients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
これが答えになる理由
Data protection and health records laws in many countries give patients a right to access their records. Requests follow a formal procedure, and information may be withheld only in limited cases, for example if it could cause serious harm.
答え
B · Patients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 2.56 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
オンスからポンドへ
10 oz/16 = 0.625 lb
5 + 0.625 = 5.625 lb
ポンドからキログラムへ
m = 5.625/2.2 = 2.557 ≈ 2.56 kg
答え
m = 2.56 kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 0.6 L
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1日の容量
25 mL/h × 24 h = 600 mL
リットルで
V = 600/1000 = 0.6 L
答え
V = 0.6 L
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 120 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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