A small blood spill is found on the ward floor. What is the correct approach?
ACover it with a sheet so no one steps in it
BWear gloves and an apron and clean it with an approved disinfectant per policy
CLeave it for the domestic staff to clean at the end of the day
DWipe it up with a paper towel without gloves, then wash your hands well afterwards
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient with severe anaemia has an SpO₂ of 98%. Why can this reading be misleading?
AAnaemia damages the light sensor of the oximeter
BPatients with anaemia always have a low true saturation
CThe red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
DAnaemia makes the oximeter read about 10% higher than the true saturation
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient walking with a gait belt suddenly starts to fall. What should the nurse do?
ALet go of the belt and run to call for help
BPull the patient backwards quickly toward the bed
CHold the belt, widen the stance and ease the patient gently to the floor
DGrab the patient under both arms and try hard to keep them standing up
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient in a vest restraint has slid down in bed, and the vest is pressing against the neck. What should the nurse do first?
AWrite a note about the event in the chart
BRelease the restraint at once and reposition the patient
CTighten the vest so the patient cannot slide down again
DCall the provider to ask about a different restraint
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient receiving an aminoglycoside antibiotic, such as gentamicin, reports ringing in the ears. What should the nurse do?
AGive the next dose early to finish the course
BHold the next dose and report it promptly
CReassure the patient that it is a normal effect
DAdvise the patient to use ear drops
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with raised intracranial pressure is being nursed on the ward. Which position is best?
AHead down with the legs raised above the heart
BFlat on the back with the head turned well over to one side
CHead of the bed at about 30 degrees with the neck straight
DSitting forward with the chin on the chest
7.臨床看護学ふつう
For a patient in skin traction on the leg, which is correct?
AThe rope is tied to the bed frame to keep it still
BThe weights are removed whenever the patient feels uncomfortable
CThe weights rest on the floor overnight
DThe weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with several days of vomiting and diarrhoea has low blood pressure, low urine output and a rising creatinine. Which description fits best?
AChronic kidney disease, treated with long-term dialysis three times a week
BPre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
CIntrinsic kidney injury from glomerulonephritis, treated with high-dose steroids
DPost-renal acute kidney injury from obstruction, treated with a catheter
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
When is a peak level for an IV aminoglycoside such as gentamicin usually drawn?
AAbout 30 minutes after the infusion ends
BAt any time convenient for the patient
CJust before the next dose is started
DExactly 24 hours after the first dose
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with severe sepsis is oozing blood from IV sites. Platelets 40 × 10³/µL, fibrinogen low, D-dimer very high, PT and aPTT both prolonged. Which condition fits best?
AImmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
BHemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
CDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
DHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
11.薬理学ふつう
Before starting a TNF-alpha inhibitor such as adalimumab, which test is required?
AA bone density scan
BA glucose tolerance test
CScreening for latent tuberculosis
DAn echocardiogram in every patient
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why is adenosine used with caution in patients with asthma?
AIt causes severe hypertension in asthma
BIt can cause bronchospasm
CIt is broken down too slowly in asthma
DIt reduces the effect of inhaled steroids
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient's blood pressure is 120/60 mmHg. What is the approximate mean arterial pressure?
In early pregnancy, how does the serum hCG level normally change?
AIt falls steadily from the day of implantation
BIt stays at the same level throughout the first trimester
CIt rises slowly until it peaks just before birth
DIt roughly doubles every 2 to 3 days in the first weeks
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman has hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Which finding in the fetus should be monitored?
AA fetal heart rate below 100 bpm
BFetal tachycardia and poor growth
CFetal macrosomia
DFetal polycythaemia only
21.小児看護ふつう
What is "assent" in children's care?
AThe legal consent signed by the parent for surgery
BThe child's agreement to care, sought alongside the parents' consent
CA form that lets the hospital treat any child without parental consent
DThe doctor's decision about which treatment is best
22.小児看護むずかしい
Several family members, including the children, have had headaches, nausea and drowsiness all winter. They feel better when away from home. What should the nurse suspect?
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある成人の体重は 54 kg、身長は 167 cm です。BMI を計算し、WHO の体重区分をクリックしてください。
54 kg167 cm
1低体重(やせ)
2普通体重
3過体重
4肥満クラスI
5肥満クラスII
6肥満クラスIII
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: B · Wear gloves and an apron and clean it with an approved disinfectant per policy
これが答えになる理由
Under standard precautions all blood is handled as potentially infectious. Spills are cleaned promptly using PPE and the spill kit or disinfectant set out in local policy.
答え
B · Wear gloves and an apron and clean it with an approved disinfectant per policy
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · The red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
これが答えになる理由
SpO₂ shows the percentage of haemoglobin that carries oxygen, not how much haemoglobin there is. With very little haemoglobin the oxygen content of the blood can be low despite a normal saturation.
答え
C · The red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Hold the belt, widen the stance and ease the patient gently to the floor
これが答えになる理由
The nurse keeps hold of the gait belt, takes a wide base of support and slides the patient down along their own leg to the floor, protecting the head. This controls the fall and protects the nurse’s back.
答え
C · Hold the belt, widen the stance and ease the patient gently to the floor
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Release the restraint at once and reposition the patient
これが答えになる理由
Patients have died from strangulation when vest restraints moved up to the neck. The nurse frees the patient immediately, checks breathing and repositions them, then reassesses whether the restraint is needed at all.
答え
B · Release the restraint at once and reposition the patient
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Hold the next dose and report it promptly
これが答えになる理由
Aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity, which may be permanent. Tinnitus or hearing loss is reported promptly, and drug levels and kidney function are checked.
答え
B · Hold the next dose and report it promptly
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Head of the bed at about 30 degrees with the neck straight
これが答えになる理由
Raising the head to about 30 degrees and keeping the neck in line helps venous drainage and lowers intracranial pressure. Head-down positions and neck bending or turning can raise it.
答え
C · Head of the bed at about 30 degrees with the neck straight
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
これが答えになる理由
Weights must hang freely so the pull is continuous and in line. Nurses also check the skin, circulation and sensation of the limb.
答え
D · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
これが答えになる理由
Fluid loss reduces kidney perfusion, causing pre-renal AKI. Prompt fluid replacement can restore function before the kidney tissue itself is damaged.
答え
B · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · About 30 minutes after the infusion ends
これが答えになる理由
Peak aminoglycoside levels are usually drawn about 30 minutes after a 30-minute infusion ends, to confirm the level is high enough to kill bacteria. Troughs, drawn just before the next dose, check for accumulation. Local protocols may differ, especially with once-daily dosing.
答え
A · About 30 minutes after the infusion ends
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
これが答えになる理由
In DIC, widespread clotting consumes platelets and clotting factors, so PT and aPTT are prolonged and fibrinogen falls, while clot breakdown raises the D-dimer. ITP lowers platelets only, and hemophilia A prolongs only the aPTT.確認に用いた資料:Fibrinogen blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); D-Dimer Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
11.薬理学
答え: C · Screening for latent tuberculosis
これが答えになる理由
TNF inhibitors can reactivate latent TB, so patients are screened with a TB blood test or skin test and chest X-ray. Hepatitis B is usually checked as well.
答え
C · Screening for latent tuberculosis
12.薬理学
答え: B · It can cause bronchospasm
これが答えになる理由
Adenosine can trigger bronchospasm in people with asthma or COPD. Other treatment options, such as verapamil, may be chosen.
答え
B · It can cause bronchospasm
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · 80 mmHg
これが答えになる理由
MAP ≈ diastolic + (systolic − diastolic) ÷ 3 = 60 + 60 ÷ 3 = 80 mmHg. The heart spends longer in diastole, so MAP is closer to the diastolic value. A MAP of at least about 65 mmHg is a common target for organ perfusion.
Triptans constrict blood vessels, including the coronary arteries. They are contraindicated in coronary artery disease, previous stroke and uncontrolled hypertension.
答え
B · A patient with a history of angina
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · To reduce the risk of hypos, falls and confusion
これが答えになる理由
In frail older adults, tight control brings little long-term benefit and a high risk of hypoglycaemia, which can cause falls, fractures and confusion. Targets are individualised to balance safety and quality of life.
答え
B · To reduce the risk of hypos, falls and confusion
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Fistulas between the bowel and other organs
これが答えになる理由
Transmural inflammation in Crohn's disease can create fistulas, abscesses and strictures. Ulcerative colitis is mucosal, and removing the colon and rectum is curative.
答え: D · It roughly doubles every 2 to 3 days in the first weeks
これが答えになる理由
In a normal early intrauterine pregnancy hCG roughly doubles every 48 to 72 hours, then peaks at around 8 to 10 weeks. A slow rise can suggest an ectopic pregnancy or a failing pregnancy.
答え
D · It roughly doubles every 2 to 3 days in the first weeks
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Fetal tachycardia and poor growth
これが答えになる理由
In Graves' disease, maternal antibodies can cross the placenta and cause fetal hyperthyroidism, with tachycardia, goitre and growth restriction. Antithyroid drugs also cross the placenta, so the fetus is monitored.
答え
B · Fetal tachycardia and poor growth
21.小児看護
答え: B · The child's agreement to care, sought alongside the parents' consent
これが答えになる理由
Assent is the child's own agreement, in language suited to their age, alongside the legal consent given by parents. Seeking assent respects the child and builds cooperation and trust.
答え
B · The child's agreement to care, sought alongside the parents' consent
22.小児看護
答え: B · Carbon monoxide poisoning
これが答えになる理由
Carbon monoxide from faulty heaters or boilers causes headache, nausea, dizziness and drowsiness that improve away from the source. Pulse oximetry can look falsely normal. Treatment is removal from the source and high-flow oxygen; the appliance must be checked.
答え: B · Arrange regular, planned contacts, assess any new symptoms and focus conversations on feelings and coping
これが答えになる理由
Scheduled contact reduces the need to report symptoms to get attention. New symptoms must still be assessed, because physical illness can occur, but the focus shifts towards stress, feelings and coping skills.
答え
B · Arrange regular, planned contacts, assess any new symptoms and focus conversations on feelings and coping
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 40.8 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
105.5 − 32 = 73.5
5/9を掛ける
T = 73.5·5/9 = 40.83 ≈ 40.8 °C
答え
T = 40.8 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: N = 4
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
合計容量
7.5 mL × 3 × 14 = 315 mL
ボトル
315/100 = 3.15 → N = 4
答え
N = 4
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 300 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
20·60 = 1200 mg
1 回あたり
D = 1200/4 = 300 mg
答え
D = 300 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 61.48 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
体表面積
BSA = √(108·35/3600) = √1.05 = 1.025 m²
投与量
D = 60·1.025 = 61.48 mg
答え
D = 61.48 mg
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 102.2 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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