A patient with diabetes has had foot-care teaching. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll dry carefully between my toes after washing."
B"I'll soak my feet in hot water every evening."
C"I'll wear shoes that fit well and never walk barefoot."
D"I'll check my feet every day, using a mirror if needed."
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Which measure is part of the bundle for inserting a central venous catheter to prevent bloodstream infection?
ARoutine replacement of the catheter on a fixed schedule, such as every three days
BChoosing the femoral vein as the first site in adults
CChlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions
DGiving antibiotics to every patient before insertion
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse teaches parents about using an infant car seat. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“We will make sure the harness straps are snug against the baby’s chest.”
B“We will use the car seat for every trip, even short ones.”
C“We will put the rear-facing seat in the front so we can see the baby.”
D“We will install the seat in the back seat, facing the rear.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
RN が LPN/LVN に委任するのに最も適切な業務はどれですか?
A新規患者の入院時アセスメント
B最初の赤血球製剤の開始
C安定した患者への留置カテーテルの挿入
Dインスリンを新しく始めた患者への退院指導
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
During an infusion of a thrombolytic drug for stroke, the patient develops a severe headache and starts vomiting. What should the nurse do first?
AStop the infusion and inform the provider at once
BSlow the infusion and give an antiemetic as prescribed
CGive a dose of aspirin for the headache
DContinue the infusion, because headache is expected
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which measure helps prevent delirium in older inpatients?
ARestricting fluids to avoid incontinence
BKeeping the lights on all night
CReorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
DMoving the patient to a different bed each night to give them a change of scene
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with a central venous catheter develops fever and rigors shortly after the line is flushed, with no other obvious source. What should be suspected?
ANormal response to line use
BA pulmonary embolism
CAn allergic reaction to the saline flush
DA catheter-related bloodstream infection
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
How should a patient collect a clean-catch midstream urine sample?
ACollect the very first urine of the stream directly in the sterile cup
BCollect urine from the toilet bowl after voiding into the toilet
CClean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
DFill the cup completely, then add tap water if there is not enough
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with advanced chronic kidney disease has a mildly raised troponin that has stayed the same on several tests over months. There is no chest pain and the ECG is unchanged. What is the best interpretation?
AA sign of skeletal muscle injury, because troponin comes from all muscles
BA laboratory error, because troponin is never raised in kidney disease
CA chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern
DProof of an acute myocardial infarction that needs emergency treatment now
11.薬理学ふつう
薬のクリアランスは何を表しますか?
A単位時間あたりに薬が除去される血漿の容積
B薬が血漿から完全に消えるまでに必要な時間
C1 回の透析で除去される薬の量
D投与量のうち吸収される割合
12.薬理学むずかしい
Which statement correctly contrasts donepezil and memantine in Alzheimer's disease?
Which method best confirms that an endotracheal tube is in the trachea?
AThe patient's skin colour improving
BMisting inside the tube
CA sustained waveform on capnography
DThe chest rising on one side only
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why does a patient with untreated hypothyroidism need extra care when given opioids or sedatives?
AThere is no difference compared with other patients
BThey clear the drugs too fast, so higher doses are needed
CThey break the drugs down slowly and are more sensitive to them
DThese drugs make the thyroid gland overactive
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with suspected meningitis has a GCS of 9 and pupils that have become unequal. A doctor plans an immediate lumbar puncture. What is the main concern?
ARaised pressure in the skull, so the procedure could cause herniation
BA lumbar puncture would spread the infection to the blood
CThe patient is too confused to stay still, so it is not needed
DThere is no concern, because the lumbar puncture lowers pressure safely
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which statement about fatigue during radiotherapy is correct?
AIt is caused by the patient becoming radioactive
BIt often builds during the course and can last for weeks
CIt means the radiotherapy has failed
DIt occurs only after the first session and then disappears completely
A woman in late pregnancy has numbness and tingling in her thumb and first fingers, worse at night. What is the most likely cause?
AA stroke caused by pre-eclampsia
BLow blood calcium
CCarpal tunnel syndrome
DVitamin K deficiency
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Ten days after birth, a woman phones to say her bleeding has suddenly become heavy and bright red with clots, with lower abdominal pain and a temperature of 38.2 °C (100.8 °F). Which response is most appropriate?
ATell her it is probably her first period and needs no action
BAsk her to come in now; retained tissue or infection is possible
CReassure her that lochia rubra often returns and review at 6 weeks
DAdvise her to use tampons so the blood loss is easier to measure
21.小児看護ふつう
A child with a myelomeningocele has a neurogenic bladder. Which management is usual?
ARestricting fluids to reduce urine volume
BClean intermittent catheterisation
CA permanent catheter left in place for life
DWaiting for bladder control to develop naturally
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 6-month-old has just learned to roll over. Which safety advice is most urgent now?
ATeach her not to touch the hot oven door
BInstall locks on all kitchen cupboards and drawers
CNever leave her alone on a changing table, bed or sofa
DTurn pan handles towards the back of the stove and fit a guard around the cooker
23.精神看護ふつう
A man with an intellectual disability is becoming irritable. Staff say it is "just his learning disability". What is this an example of?
ATransference
BSplitting by the patient
CDiagnostic overshadowing
DPositive reinforcement
24.精神看護むずかしい
A nurse posts on social media about a "funny" patient on her ward, without giving his name. What is correct?
AIt is acceptable if the post is set to "friends only"
BIt is acceptable because his name was not used
CIt is only a problem if the patient finds the post himself
DIt breaches confidentiality, because he could still be identified
答え: B · "I'll soak my feet in hot water every evening."
これが答えになる理由
People with diabetic neuropathy may not feel heat, and soaking softens the skin, so long hot soaks are avoided. Daily inspection, good footwear and careful drying are correct.
答え
B · "I'll soak my feet in hot water every evening."
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Chlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions
これが答えになる理由
The insertion bundle includes hand hygiene, chlorhexidine-alcohol skin prep, maximal barrier precautions (cap, mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves and a full body drape) and avoiding the femoral site in adults. Routine replacement and routine antibiotics are not recommended.
答え
C · Chlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · “We will put the rear-facing seat in the front so we can see the baby.”
これが答えになる理由
A rear-facing car seat must never be placed in front of an active airbag, which can strike the seat with great force. Infants ride rear-facing in the back seat, with a snug harness, on every trip.
答え
C · “We will put the rear-facing seat in the front so we can see the baby.”
答え: A · Stop the infusion and inform the provider at once
これが答えになる理由
A new severe headache, vomiting or neurological decline during thrombolysis can mean intracranial bleeding. The infusion is stopped, the provider informed and an urgent scan arranged.
答え
A · Stop the infusion and inform the provider at once
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Reorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
これが答えになる理由
Multicomponent prevention, including orientation, sensory aids, hydration, nutrition, mobility, sleep and avoiding unnecessary moves or drugs, reduces delirium.
答え
C · Reorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · A catheter-related bloodstream infection
これが答えになる理由
Rigors after flushing suggest bacteria colonising the catheter. Blood cultures are taken (often from the line and a peripheral vein) and the team decides whether to remove the line.
答え
D · A catheter-related bloodstream infection
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Clean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
これが答えになる理由
Cleaning the urethral area and discarding the first part of the stream reduce contamination from skin and urethral bacteria. The inside of the sterile container must not be touched, and the sample should reach the laboratory promptly.確認に用いた資料:Clean catch urine sample · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · Clean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · A chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern
これが答えになる理由
Troponin is often chronically raised in CKD and other conditions. Acute infarction is diagnosed by a rise and/or fall in troponin together with symptoms or ECG changes, so serial results are compared with the patient's baseline.確認に用いた資料:Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答え
C · A chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern
A sustained exhaled carbon dioxide waveform confirms tracheal placement. Misting and chest movement can be misleading, and skin colour changes late. A chest X-ray shows the depth of the tube but does not prove it is in the trachea.
答え
C · A sustained waveform on capnography
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · They break the drugs down slowly and are more sensitive to them
これが答えになる理由
In hypothyroidism, drug metabolism is slowed, and patients are more sensitive to sedatives and opioids. These drugs can cause respiratory depression and may even trigger myxoedema coma, so they are used with caution.
答え
C · They break the drugs down slowly and are more sensitive to them
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Raised pressure in the skull, so the procedure could cause herniation
これが答えになる理由
Reduced consciousness and unequal pupils suggest raised ICP. A lumbar puncture in this situation may cause brain herniation, so imaging comes first, and antibiotics are not delayed. The nurse should raise this concern.
答え
A · Raised pressure in the skull, so the procedure could cause herniation
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · It often builds during the course and can last for weeks
これが答えになる理由
Radiotherapy fatigue usually increases as treatment continues and may persist for weeks or months afterwards. Pacing, light exercise and good sleep and nutrition help.
答え
B · It often builds during the course and can last for weeks
Fluid retention in pregnancy can compress the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. A wrist splint at night often helps, and symptoms usually resolve after birth.
答え
C · Carpal tunnel syndrome
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Ask her to come in now; retained tissue or infection is possible
これが答えになる理由
Heavy bleeding between 24 hours and 12 weeks after birth is a secondary postpartum haemorrhage. With pain and fever it suggests retained placental tissue or endometritis, which needs same-day assessment and possibly ultrasound, antibiotics or evacuation. Tampons are avoided in the postnatal period.
答え
B · Ask her to come in now; retained tissue or infection is possible
21.小児看護
答え: B · Clean intermittent catheterisation
これが答えになる理由
Damage to the spinal nerves causes a bladder that does not empty fully, risking infection and kidney damage. Clean intermittent catheterisation several times a day, taught to parents and later to the child, is the usual approach.
答え
B · Clean intermittent catheterisation
22.小児看護
答え: C · Never leave her alone on a changing table, bed or sofa
これが答えになる理由
Rolling makes falls from raised surfaces the main immediate risk, so a hand should always stay on the baby on any raised surface. Cupboard locks and kitchen safety become important as she starts to crawl and pull to stand.
答え
C · Never leave her alone on a changing table, bed or sofa
23.精神看護
答え: C · Diagnostic overshadowing
これが答えになる理由
Diagnostic overshadowing happens when new symptoms are attributed to a known disability or mental illness, so a physical or other cause is missed. It contributes to poorer health outcomes.
答え
C · Diagnostic overshadowing
24.精神看護
答え: D · It breaches confidentiality, because he could still be identified
これが答えになる理由
Sharing patient information on social media, even without a name, can identify the patient and breaches confidentiality and dignity. Professional codes prohibit it.
答え
D · It breaches confidentiality, because he could still be identified
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 35.2 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
95.4 − 32 = 63.4
5/9を掛ける
T = 63.4·5/9 = 35.22 ≈ 35.2 °C
答え
T = 35.2 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 135 mL
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
¼ カップ = 0.25·240 = 60 mL
2 fl oz = 2·30 = 60 mL
3 tsp = 3·5 = 15 mL
足す
V = 60 + 60 + 15 = 135 mL
答え
V = 135 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 84.38 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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