A patient with severe anaemia has an SpO₂ of 98%. Why can this reading be misleading?
APatients with anaemia always have a low true saturation
BAnaemia damages the light sensor of the oximeter
CAnaemia makes the oximeter read about 10% higher than the true saturation
DThe red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Which part of a sterile surgical gown is considered sterile once it is on?
AThe front from chest to the level of the sterile field, and the sleeves
BThe whole gown, including the back, the collar and the area below the waist
COnly the back of the gown, which nobody touches
DThe front from the neck down to the knees
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
硬膜外注入での投与経路の誤りを最もよく防ぐ行動はどれですか?
A患者のすべての注入に、同じ種類のポンプとチューブを使う
B硬膜外ポートが詰まったら、空いている静脈ポートを使う
Cきれいにまとめるため、すべてのラインをテープで束ねる
D硬膜外ラインに表示をつけ、専用のポンプで管理する
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A conscious patient with hypoglycemia drank juice 15 minutes ago. The glucose is now 62 mg/dL (3.4 mmol/L). What should the nurse do next?
AGive another serving of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes
BWait another hour, because juice can take a long time to work
CGive the next scheduled dose of rapid-acting insulin with the meal
DRecord the result and recheck the glucose at the usual time before the evening meal
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient has full-thickness burns all the way around the chest and is finding it harder to breathe, although the airway is clear. What does this suggest?
AThe patient has had too little IV fluid and needs a fast bolus to improve the breathing
BThe patient is anxious and only needs reassurance
CThe burns are healing and the skin is tightening normally
DThe tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which drug is first-line in an acute asthma attack?
AA nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
BAn oral beta-blocker
CAn oral antihistamine such as cetirizine taken every few hours
DA long-acting inhaled corticosteroid, used alone at a higher dose
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Which patient should the nurse assess first?
AA patient with diabetes whose glucose is 11 mmol/L (198 mg/dL) before lunch
BA patient with COPD whose SpO2 is 89% and within their target range
CA postoperative patient who rates their pain as 6/10
DA patient with asthma who can only speak in single words
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient takes low-dose methotrexate weekly for rheumatoid arthritis. Which laboratory tests are monitored regularly?
ATroponin, creatine kinase and myoglobin
BComplete blood count, liver tests and kidney function
CSerum lithium, sodium and urine specific gravity
DSerum amylase, lipase and blood ketones
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A nursing student has a positive interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for tuberculosis, no symptoms and a normal chest X-ray. What does this most likely mean?
ALatent TB infection, which is not contagious
BActive pulmonary TB, which is contagious
CPast BCG vaccination only, with no infection
DA false result, as the test does not detect TB
11.薬理学ふつう
Which signs suggest early lithium toxicity?
APinpoint pupils and slow breathing
BDiarrhoea, vomiting, coarse tremor and drowsiness
CVery high blood pressure and a severe headache
DHair loss and dark urine only
12.薬理学むずかしい
ゲンタマイシンの投与量を血中濃度でモニタリングするのはなぜですか?
A非常に高い濃度でしか効かないから
Bすべて肝臓で代謝されるので、肝機能で用量が決まるから
C腎毒性と耳毒性があり、治療係数が狭いから
D重い低血糖を起こすから
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient choosing between a mechanical and a biological heart valve asks about the main difference. Which answer is accurate?
ABiological valves last longer but need lifelong warfarin
BMechanical valves wear out within one year
CMechanical valves last longer but need lifelong anticoagulation
Which complication is a particular risk in nephrotic syndrome?
AVenous thrombosis
BHypoglycaemia
CLow cholesterol
DBleeding from low platelets
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Two days after surgery, an 80-year-old woman is quiet, sleepy, slow to answer and eating little. Her daughter says she is "not herself". What should the nurse suspect?
ASimple low mood about being in hospital
BHypoactive delirium
CNormal tiredness after an operation
DThe start of Alzheimer's disease
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
A patient on enteral feeding develops diarrhoea. What should the nurse review first?
AThe patient's mobility aids and walking distance
BThe colour of the feeding bag label
CThe patient's eye drops and skin creams
DThe medicine chart, including laxatives and antibiotics
Obesity before pregnancy (BMI 40) most increases the risk of which pregnancy complication?
AHyperemesis gravidarum
BLow birth weight from overnutrition
CPlacenta praevia only
DGestational diabetes
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Which finding is a sign that the placenta is separating in the third stage of labour?
AA gush of blood and lengthening of the cord
BImmediate fall in maternal blood pressure
CSudden severe abdominal pain
DThe uterus becomes soft and wide
21.小児看護ふつう
Which sign shows that a baby is ready to start solid foods?
ASits with support, holds the head steady and shows interest in food
BStarts waking more often during the night and seems hungry after milk feeds
CHas cut a first tooth
DHas reached 6 weeks of age
22.小児看護むずかしい
A boy with haemophilia A bumps his head hard on a table. He seems well. What should the nurse advise?
AGive aspirin for the pain and apply ice to the bump
BSeek urgent care, as factor replacement may be needed before symptoms appear
CWatch him at home for a week and bring him in only if he vomits or has a headache
DNo action is needed, because head bleeds are rare in haemophilia
23.精神看護ふつう
Flumazenil reverses benzodiazepine sedation. Why is it used with caution in patients who take benzodiazepines long-term?
AIt causes a dangerous rise in blood sugar
BIt can cause sudden withdrawal and seizures
CIt causes permanent memory loss after a single dose
DIt makes the benzodiazepine effect much stronger
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient with schizophrenia has marked negative symptoms. He stays in bed most of the day and neglects his hygiene. Which nursing approach is most helpful?
AAgree a simple daily routine with small, achievable activities and give positive feedback
BWait until he asks to join activities before involving him
CLet him stay in bed, because negative symptoms cannot change
DTell him firmly that he will lose his ward privileges unless he gets up and showers at once
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある新生児の体重は 7 lb 9 oz です。1 lb = 16 oz と 1 kg = 2.2 lb を使って、体重 m をキログラムで求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
7 lb 9 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 処方箋に、経口懸濁液 8時間ごと を 1 tsp、7 日間と書かれています。1 tsp = 5 mL を用いて、全期間に必要な mL V はいくつですか。
1 tsp8時間ごと7 日1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 32 kg の子どもに、3 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 40 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
32 kg3 mg/kg40 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
患者の体重は 138.6 lb です。処方は 1 回量として 5 mg/kg で、原液は 5 mL 中に 125 mg を含みます。1 kg = 2.2 lb として、何 mL V 投与しますか?
138.6 lb5 mg/kg125 mg/5 mL1 kg = 2.2 lb
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
15 滴/mL の輸液セットで 500 mL を 2 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
500 mL2 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
点滴が 20 滴/mL のセットで 40 滴/分で落ちています。バッグには 400 mL 残っています。あと何時間 t で空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
40 gtt/min20 gtt/mL400 mL
t = h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 51 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
51 kg12 h尿: 150 mL尿: 425 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.輸液と水分出納むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 1000 mL の輸液を 13:00 に 150 mL/h で開始します。4 時間後に流量を 50 mL/h に変更し、その後は変更しません。開始から何時間後 t にバッグは空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
答え: D · The red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
これが答えになる理由
SpO₂ shows the percentage of haemoglobin that carries oxygen, not how much haemoglobin there is. With very little haemoglobin the oxygen content of the blood can be low despite a normal saturation.
答え
D · The red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · The front from chest to the level of the sterile field, and the sleeves
これが答えになる理由
Only the front of the gown from chest to the level of the sterile field and the sleeves from above the elbow to the cuffs are sterile. The back, the neckline and anything below the sterile field are non-sterile.
答え
A · The front from chest to the level of the sterile field, and the sleeves
答え: A · Give another serving of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes
これが答えになる理由
If the glucose is still below the hypoglycemia threshold after treatment (70 mg/dL in US guidance, 4.0 mmol/L in UK guidance), the fast-acting carbohydrate is repeated and the glucose rechecked. Once it is normal, a snack or meal helps keep it stable.
答え
A · Give another serving of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
これが答えになる理由
Circumferential full-thickness burns form stiff eschar that can stop the chest expanding. An escharotomy, cutting through the eschar, may be needed urgently to allow breathing.
答え
D · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · A nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
これが答えになる理由
Short-acting beta2-agonists relieve bronchospasm within minutes. Oxygen to target, steroids and other treatments are added according to severity.
答え
A · A nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · A patient with asthma who can only speak in single words
これが答えになる理由
Being unable to complete sentences is a sign of acute severe or life-threatening asthma, an airway and breathing emergency. The other patients need attention but are not immediately life-threatened.
答え
D · A patient with asthma who can only speak in single words
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Complete blood count, liver tests and kidney function
これが答えになる理由
Methotrexate can cause bone marrow suppression, liver toxicity and, as it is cleared by the kidneys, toxicity when kidney function falls. The CBC, liver tests and creatinine are checked regularly, and folic acid is usually given to reduce adverse effects.確認に用いた資料:Methotrexate · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答え
B · Complete blood count, liver tests and kidney function
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Latent TB infection, which is not contagious
これが答えになる理由
A positive IGRA with no symptoms and a normal chest X-ray indicates latent TB infection, which cannot spread to others. Treatment of latent TB is often offered to prevent later active disease. The IGRA is much less likely than the skin test to give a false-positive result after BCG vaccination.確認に用いた資料:Tuberculosis Screening · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); PPD skin test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Latent TB infection, which is not contagious
11.薬理学
答え: B · Diarrhoea, vomiting, coarse tremor and drowsiness
これが答えになる理由
Early lithium toxicity causes GI upset, a coarse tremor, sluggishness and unsteadiness. Higher levels cause confusion, seizures and arrhythmias, so the drug is held and the level checked.
答え
B · Diarrhoea, vomiting, coarse tremor and drowsiness
答え: C · Mechanical valves last longer but need lifelong anticoagulation
これが答えになる理由
Mechanical valves are very durable but are thrombogenic, so lifelong warfarin is needed. Biological (tissue) valves usually do not need long-term anticoagulation but wear out over time and may need replacement. Age, lifestyle and bleeding risk guide the choice.
答え
C · Mechanical valves last longer but need lifelong anticoagulation
In nephrotic syndrome, anticoagulant proteins such as antithrombin are lost, and clotting factors made by the liver rise, so venous thrombosis is more likely. Infection and high cholesterol are other complications.
答え
A · Venous thrombosis
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Hypoactive delirium
これが答えになる理由
Hypoactive delirium presents with drowsiness, withdrawal and slowness rather than agitation, so it is often missed. It has a worse prognosis than the hyperactive form. A family report of a sudden change is important, and a screening tool such as the 4AT or the CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) can be used.
答え
B · Hypoactive delirium
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · The medicine chart, including laxatives and antibiotics
これが答えになる理由
Diarrhoea on enteral feeds is often caused by drugs such as antibiotics, laxatives and liquid medicines containing sorbitol, or by infection such as C. difficile. The feed is not stopped automatically; the cause is investigated.
答え
D · The medicine chart, including laxatives and antibiotics
Obesity raises the risks of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, venous thromboembolism, macrosomia, caesarean birth and stillbirth. Early glucose testing and VTE risk assessment are often recommended.
答え
D · Gestational diabetes
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · A gush of blood and lengthening of the cord
これが答えになる理由
Signs of placental separation include a gush of blood, lengthening of the cord at the vulva, and a uterus that rises and becomes firm and globular. Severe pain or collapse suggests a complication such as inversion.
答え
A · A gush of blood and lengthening of the cord
21.小児看護
答え: A · Sits with support, holds the head steady and shows interest in food
これが答えになる理由
Readiness for solids, usually around 6 months, includes good head control, sitting with support, interest in food and loss of the tongue-thrust reflex. Night waking and teething are not signs of readiness.
答え
A · Sits with support, holds the head steady and shows interest in food
22.小児看護
答え: B · Seek urgent care, as factor replacement may be needed before symptoms appear
これが答えになる理由
Intracranial bleeding is the most dangerous bleed in haemophilia and can develop hours after injury. Any significant head injury needs urgent assessment and usually prompt factor replacement. Aspirin is avoided because it impairs platelet function.
答え
B · Seek urgent care, as factor replacement may be needed before symptoms appear
23.精神看護
答え: B · It can cause sudden withdrawal and seizures
これが答えになる理由
Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist. In dependent patients, or in mixed overdoses with drugs that lower the seizure threshold, it can trigger acute withdrawal and seizures.
答え
B · It can cause sudden withdrawal and seizures
24.精神看護
答え: A · Agree a simple daily routine with small, achievable activities and give positive feedback
これが答えになる理由
Negative symptoms such as avolition and anhedonia improve with structure, step-by-step goals and encouragement. Punishment or waiting for the patient to start on his own usually makes withdrawal worse.
答え
A · Agree a simple daily routine with small, achievable activities and give positive feedback
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 3.44 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
オンスからポンドへ
9 oz/16 = 0.5625 lb
7 + 0.5625 = 7.563 lb
ポンドからキログラムへ
m = 7.563/2.2 = 3.437 ≈ 3.44 kg
答え
m = 3.44 kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 105 mL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
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