Why is propranolol usually avoided in patients with asthma?
AIt causes tolerance to inhaled corticosteroids
BIt blocks beta-2 receptors in the airways and can cause bronchospasm
CIt stimulates alpha-1 receptors in the airways and raises blood pressure
DIt increases mucus production by blocking histamine
12.薬理学むずかしい
During general anaesthesia with a volatile agent and suxamethonium (succinylcholine), a patient develops muscle rigidity, rising end-tidal CO2 and a fast-rising temperature. Which drug is the specific treatment?
ADantrolene
BParacetamol
CNaloxone
DNeostigmine
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A nurse measures blood pressure on a large upper arm using a cuff that is too small. What effect will this have?
AThe reading will be accurate but slower
BThe reading will be falsely high
COnly the pulse rate will be affected
DThe reading will be falsely low
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Seconds after an intramuscular injection, a patient becomes pale, sweaty and faint, with a heart rate of 48/min. There is no rash, wheeze or swelling, and they recover quickly when laid flat. What is the most likely cause?
AAnaphylaxis
BA vasovagal reaction
CA tension pneumothorax
DA myocardial infarction
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with myasthenia gravis wants to plan a busy day. Which advice fits the disease?
ADo demanding tasks in the morning or when the drug works best
BAvoid rest periods, because rest makes the weakness worse
CExercise to exhaustion so the muscles get stronger quickly
DDo the hardest tasks in the evening when muscles are warmed up
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
On the first day after a kidney transplant, urine output suddenly falls from 200 mL/h to 10 mL/h. What should the nurse check first?
AThe patient's blood glucose level
BThe patient's temperature and pulse
CThat the catheter is not blocked or kinked
DWhether the patient has eaten
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which initial treatment is usual for symptomatic hypercalcaemia of malignancy?
AOral calcium tablets and vitamin D
BA high-calcium diet with extra milk
CIV fluids followed by an IV bisphosphonate
DFluid restriction and a thiazide diuretic
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Why is an SGLT2 inhibitor such as dapagliflozin usually withheld before surgery?
AIt makes the patient's potassium dangerously high
BIt interacts with all general anaesthetic gases and stops them working
CIt raises the risk of ketoacidosis, even with near-normal glucose
DIt causes the surgical wound to bleed more
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman is prescribed low molecular weight heparin after a caesarean. Which teaching is correct?
AIt is given into the muscle of the thigh
BIt must be stopped if she chooses to breastfeed her baby
CIt is injected under the skin; report unusual bleeding
DIt is a tablet taken with meals
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A pregnant woman involved in a car crash asks how to wear a seat belt. Which instruction is correct?
APut the lap belt across the top of the bump, above the uterus
BDo not wear a seat belt in pregnancy
CWear only the shoulder part of the belt
DLap belt under the bump, shoulder belt between the breasts
21.小児看護ふつう
A child is receiving IV morphine. Which assessments are most important?
ARespiratory rate and level of sedation
BHead circumference and fontanelle tension
CBlood glucose and urine ketones
DPeak flow and inhaler technique
22.小児看護むずかしい
Which finding in a 12-month-old needs further developmental evaluation?
APulls to stand and walks holding on to furniture
BSays "mama" and "dada" to the right parent and waves bye-bye
CA strong Moro reflex is still present
DBecomes upset when a stranger picks her up
23.精神看護ふつう
患者が「私は価値がない。誰も私のことを気にかけていない」と言います。最も治療的な返答はどれですか?
A「そんなことを言ってはいけません。」
B「もっと明るい話をしましょう。」
C「誰も自分のことを気にかけてくれていないと感じているのですね。もっと聞かせてください。」
D「それは違います。ここでは皆があなたのことを気にかけていますよ。」
24.精神看護むずかしい
An older woman living with her son looks thin and unkempt. She says her son "looks after the money" and she is often hungry. What should the nurse do?
ATalk to her privately, document the findings and raise an adult safeguarding concern
BIgnore it, because family finances are a private matter
CAsk the son in front of her whether he is stealing her money
DTell her that she must move out of her son's home at once and stay with friends until the matter is sorted out
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 少量の注射の投与量の計算結果は 0.91325 mL です。 この練習問題のルールは「1 mL未満の容量は、mLの小数第2位に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
0.91325 mL
x = mL
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 維持輸液が 75 mL/h で休みなく続いています。24時間で何リットル V を投与しますか。
75 mL/h24 h
V = L
27.投与量の計算ふつう
20%(w/v)溶液 50 mL 中に薬剤は何ミリグラム m 含まれていますか?
20% w/v50 mL
m = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 910 単位で、薬は 1000 単位/mL で供給されます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
910 units1000 units/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
20 滴/mL の輸液セットで 500 mL を 4 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
500 mL4 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
点滴が 20 滴/mL のセットで 30 滴/分で落ちています。バッグには 600 mL 残っています。あと何時間 t で空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
30 gtt/min20 gtt/mL600 mL
t = h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。
答え: B · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
これが答えになる理由
The angle depends on needle length and body fat. A short needle at 90 degrees suits most adults; in thin patients a pinch of skin or a 45-degree angle avoids reaching muscle.
答え
B · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Help the patient sit or lie down safely
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest postural hypotension and a risk of fainting. The nurse lowers the patient safely first, then checks blood pressure and pulse and reports the finding.
答え
A · Help the patient sit or lie down safely
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Wear gloves, absorb the blood, then clean the area with an approved disinfectant
これが答えになる理由
Blood spills are cleaned promptly by staff wearing gloves. The blood is absorbed with disposable material, then the area is cleaned and disinfected with a hospital disinfectant, and waste goes into clinical waste.
答え
A · Wear gloves, absorb the blood, then clean the area with an approved disinfectant
Professional interpreters give accurate, confidential translation of medical information. Family members, especially children, may leave things out and should not be used for important explanations.
答え: B · It blocks beta-2 receptors in the airways and can cause bronchospasm
これが答えになる理由
Non-selective beta blockers block both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. Blocking beta-2 receptors in the bronchi removes their relaxing effect and can trigger severe bronchospasm.
答え
B · It blocks beta-2 receptors in the airways and can cause bronchospasm
12.薬理学
答え: A · Dantrolene
これが答えになる理由
Malignant hyperthermia is caused by uncontrolled calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Dantrolene blocks this release, and the triggering agents are stopped at once.
答え
A · Dantrolene
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · The reading will be falsely high
これが答えになる理由
A cuff that is too small needs a higher pressure to compress the brachial artery, giving a falsely high reading. A cuff that is too large can give a falsely low reading. The bladder should encircle most of the arm, so cuff size is chosen by arm circumference.
答え
B · The reading will be falsely high
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · A vasovagal reaction
これが答えになる理由
Vasovagal reactions cause bradycardia, pallor, sweating and fainting, and resolve quickly when lying flat. Anaphylaxis usually causes tachycardia, airway or breathing problems and often skin changes, and does not settle on its own. If in doubt, treat as anaphylaxis.
答え
B · A vasovagal reaction
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Do demanding tasks in the morning or when the drug works best
これが答えになる理由
In myasthenia gravis, muscles tire with use and recover with rest, so weakness is often worse later in the day. Planning demanding tasks for times of peak strength and building in rest helps.
答え
A · Do demanding tasks in the morning or when the drug works best
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · That the catheter is not blocked or kinked
これが答えになる理由
A sudden drop in output after transplant may be caused by a blocked catheter, often from clots. The nurse checks the tubing and may flush the catheter per protocol, and then escalates urgently, because vascular thrombosis or rejection are also possible.
答え
C · That the catheter is not blocked or kinked
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · IV fluids followed by an IV bisphosphonate
これが答えになる理由
Hypercalcaemia causes polyuria and dehydration, so IV saline is given first, then a bisphosphonate such as zoledronic acid to reduce bone resorption. Calcium, kidney function and symptoms are monitored.
答え
C · IV fluids followed by an IV bisphosphonate
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · It raises the risk of ketoacidosis, even with near-normal glucose
これが答えになる理由
SGLT2 inhibitors can cause euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis around fasting and surgery. They are usually paused before surgery as advised, and ketones are checked if the patient becomes unwell.
答え
C · It raises the risk of ketoacidosis, even with near-normal glucose
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · It is injected under the skin; report unusual bleeding
これが答えになる理由
Low molecular weight heparin is given subcutaneously and is compatible with breastfeeding. She should rotate sites, not rub them, and report bleeding or unusual bruising.
答え
C · It is injected under the skin; report unusual bleeding
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Lap belt under the bump, shoulder belt between the breasts
これが答えになる理由
The lap belt should sit low under the abdomen across the hips and thighs, with the shoulder belt across the chest and to the side of the bump. Wearing a seat belt greatly reduces maternal and fetal injury.
答え
D · Lap belt under the bump, shoulder belt between the breasts
21.小児看護
答え: A · Respiratory rate and level of sedation
これが答えになる理由
Opioids can cause respiratory depression, usually preceded by increasing sedation. Respiratory rate, sedation score, oxygen saturation and pain are monitored regularly, and naloxone is kept available.
答え
A · Respiratory rate and level of sedation
22.小児看護
答え: C · A strong Moro reflex is still present
これが答えになる理由
Primitive reflexes such as the Moro fade by about 4–6 months; persistence at 12 months can suggest a neurological problem such as cerebral palsy. The other findings are normal for a 1-year-old.
答え
C · A strong Moro reflex is still present
23.精神看護
答え: C · 「誰も自分のことを気にかけてくれていないと感じているのですね。もっと聞かせてください。」
答え: A · Talk to her privately, document the findings and raise an adult safeguarding concern
これが答えになる理由
Signs of financial abuse and neglect require a private conversation, careful documentation and reporting through safeguarding procedures. Confrontation could increase the risk to her.
答え
A · Talk to her privately, document the findings and raise an adult safeguarding concern
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1日の容量
75 mL/h × 24 h = 1800 mL
リットルで
V = 1800/1000 = 1.8 L
答え
V = 1.8 L
27.投与量の計算
答え: m = 10000 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 7/min → 3
SpO₂ 99% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 130 mmHg → 0
HR 70/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 36.9 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
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