A woman taking the combined pill should seek care urgently for which symptom?
ALight spotting between periods early on
BA painful, swollen calf or sudden chest pain
CSlight nausea in the first few weeks
DMild breast tenderness in the first month
12.薬理学むずかしい
両側腎動脈狭窄のある患者で、ACE 阻害薬が急性腎障害を起こしうるのはなぜですか?
A薬が腎尿細管で結晶化するから
BACE 阻害薬は輸入細動脈を収縮させるから
CGFR が、アンジオテンシン II による輸出細動脈の収縮に依存しているから
DACE 阻害薬は腎臓の近位尿細管細胞に直接毒性があるから
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient's blood pressure is 120/60 mmHg. What is the approximate mean arterial pressure?
A60 mmHg
B90 mmHg
C80 mmHg
D100 mmHg
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Four hours after cardiac surgery, the mediastinal drain, which had been draining steadily, suddenly stops. BP falls to 84/60 mmHg, the heart rate rises and the CVP climbs. What should the nurse suspect?
ACardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
BFluid overload from intravenous fluids
CNormal recovery, as the bleeding has stopped
DA tension pneumothorax on the left side
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A conscious patient with a glucose of 3.1 mmol/L (56 mg/dL) can swallow safely. Which is the best first treatment?
答え: C · Write it now as a late entry, stating when it was given
これが答えになる理由
Late entries are clearly marked as such, showing both when care was given and when the note was written. This keeps the record accurate and prevents a second dose being given.
答え
C · Write it now as a late entry, stating when it was given
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · It is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
これが答えになる理由
The nurse documents the facts of the fall, the assessment and the care given in the patient’s record. The incident report is a separate quality-improvement document and is not filed in the chart. Policies differ on whether the record notes that a report was made: many US facilities advise against it, while many UK services record the report reference. Falls are reported whether or not there is an injury.
答え
D · It is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Keep everyone inside, close windows and doors and shut off outside air intake
これが答えになる理由
Sheltering in place keeps people inside, away from the hazard. Windows and doors are closed and ventilation systems that bring in outside air are shut off until the all-clear.
答え
A · Keep everyone inside, close windows and doors and shut off outside air intake
答え: C · Check the patient for injuries before moving them
これが答えになる理由
After a fall, the patient is assessed first, including airway, breathing, circulation, head injury and possible fractures, before deciding how to move them safely. The fall is then reported and the care plan reviewed.
答え
C · Check the patient for injuries before moving them
For most critically ill patients, insulin is used to keep glucose around 140–180 mg/dL (7.8–10 mmol/L). Lower targets increase the risk of hypoglycemia, and persistently higher levels increase infection and other complications.
答え: B · A painful, swollen calf or sudden chest pain
これが答えになる理由
Combined hormonal contraception increases the risk of venous thromboembolism and, rarely, stroke. Leg pain or swelling, chest pain, breathlessness, severe headache or vision changes need urgent assessment.
答え
B · A painful, swollen calf or sudden chest pain
12.薬理学
答え: C · GFR が、アンジオテンシン II による輸出細動脈の収縮に依存しているから
これが答えになる理由
腎灌流が低いとき、アンジオテンシン II は輸出細動脈を収縮させて糸球体内圧を保ちます。これを遮断すると圧と GFR が下がり、腎機能が急激に低下することがあります。
答え
C · GFR が、アンジオテンシン II による輸出細動脈の収縮に依存しているから
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · 80 mmHg
これが答えになる理由
MAP ≈ diastolic + (systolic − diastolic) ÷ 3 = 60 + 60 ÷ 3 = 80 mmHg. The heart spends longer in diastole, so MAP is closer to the diastolic value. A MAP of at least about 65 mmHg is a common target for organ perfusion.
答え
C · 80 mmHg
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
これが答えになる理由
A sudden stop in drainage with falling blood pressure, tachycardia and rising venous pressure suggests blood is collecting around the heart because the drain is blocked. Tamponade after cardiac surgery is an emergency: the surgeon is called at once and the chest may need to be reopened.
答え
A · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Glucose tablets or a small glass of fruit juice
これが答えになる理由
About 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as glucose tablets or juice, raises glucose quickly. Chocolate and milk contain fat, which slows absorption. Glucose is rechecked after about 15 minutes.
答え
C · Glucose tablets or a small glass of fruit juice
答え: B · It increases bleeding, wound infection and heart complications
これが答えになる理由
Even mild hypothermia impairs clotting, increases surgical site infection and cardiac events, and causes shivering and discomfort. Forced-air warming, warmed fluids and covering the patient help prevent it.
答え
B · It increases bleeding, wound infection and heart complications
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Explore their beliefs and explain how analgesia aids recovery
これが答えになる理由
Patients may under-report pain because of beliefs, fear of addiction or not wanting to bother staff. Exploring these concerns and explaining that good analgesia helps breathing and mobility supports a shared plan.
答え
C · Explore their beliefs and explain how analgesia aids recovery
答え: D · "If I feel very angry, it is fine to shake him a little to stop the crying."
これが答えになる理由
Shaking a baby can cause brain injury, retinal haemorrhages and death. Parents are taught that crying is normal, to put the baby down safely and step away when frustrated, and to ask for help.
答え
D · "If I feel very angry, it is fine to shake him a little to stop the crying."
21.小児看護
答え: D · It increases fetal haemoglobin, which reduces sickling
これが答えになる理由
Hydroxyurea raises the level of fetal haemoglobin (HbF), which does not sickle, reducing pain crises and acute chest syndrome. Regular blood counts are needed because it can lower white cells and platelets.
答え
D · It increases fetal haemoglobin, which reduces sickling
答え: A · It suggests that the patient's choices are judged against the nurse's standards
これが答えになる理由
Approval can make the patient try to please the nurse rather than make their own decisions, and may suggest that the opposite choice would be "bad". Giving recognition or exploring the decision is preferred.
答え
A · It suggests that the patient's choices are judged against the nurse's standards
24.精神看護
答え: D · Keep the baby safe, never alone with her, and arrange urgent assessment
これが答えになる理由
Postpartum psychosis with delusions about the baby carries a risk of harm to the infant and to the mother. The baby must be kept safe and the mother assessed urgently, usually with admission.
答え
D · Keep the baby safe, never alone with her, and arrange urgent assessment
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
全投与期間
V = 5 mL × 3/日 × 14 = 210 mL
答え
V = 210 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.8 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合後の濃度
2000 mg/8 mL = 250 mg/mL
体積
V = 200/250 = 0.8 mL
答え
V = 0.8 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 0.5·1000/50 = 10 mL
答え
V₁ = 10 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 150 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
75·60/60 = 75 mL/h
体積
V = 75·2 = 150 mL
答え
V = 150 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 15 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 16/min → 0
SpO₂ 97% → 0
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 90 mmHg → 3
HR 70/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 38.1 °C → 1
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 2 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 6
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
中
答え
中
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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