Which teaching about antiepileptic drugs is most important?
ADo not stop the drug suddenly, as this can trigger severe seizures
BTake a double dose if you feel a seizure coming
CAlcohol has no effect on seizure control
DStop the drug when you have had no seizures for one whole week
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with severe liver cirrhosis takes oral propranolol, a drug with a high first-pass metabolism. What effect is expected?
ALess drug is absorbed from the gut, so a higher dose is needed
BMore drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
CThe drug is excreted faster by the kidney, so it works for a shorter time
DThe first-pass effect increases, so the drug becomes inactive
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient with a long QT interval develops a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that twists around the baseline but still has a pulse. Which drug is used first?
AOral digoxin
BIntravenous magnesium sulfate
CIntravenous adenosine
DIntravenous potassium chloride as a bolus
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A 74-year-old man with a known abdominal aortic aneurysm suddenly has severe back and abdominal pain. His heart rate is 128/min and BP 82/50 mmHg. What is the priority?
ACall for emergency help and prepare for urgent vascular surgery
BGive oral analgesia and reassess the pain in an hour
CArrange a routine outpatient ultrasound scan of the aneurysm
DEncourage him to walk to ease the back pain
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient taking warfarin is diagnosed with an intracerebral haemorrhage. What is the priority treatment?
A patient says, "Nobody at work likes me." Which nurse response best reflects cognitive restructuring?
A"Why do you care what people at work think?"
B"You should find a new job where people like you."
C"I'm sure everybody likes you."
D"What evidence do you have that nobody likes you?"
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient with schizophrenia has marked negative symptoms. He stays in bed most of the day and neglects his hygiene. Which nursing approach is most helpful?
AAgree a simple daily routine with small, achievable activities and give positive feedback
BTell him firmly that he will lose his ward privileges unless he gets up and showers at once
CLet him stay in bed, because negative symptoms cannot change
DWait until he asks to join activities before involving him
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 152.306 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
152.306 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴は 15 mcg/min を投与します。この投与速度 D を mg/h で表してください。
15 mcg/min1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg
D = mg/h
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 30 kg で、1 回量として 20 mg/kg が指示されています。投与量 D を mg で求めなさい。
30 kg20 mg/kg
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
20%(w/v)の原液から 5%(w/v)の溶液を 200 mL 調製する必要があります。 原液は何 mL V₁ 必要ですか?
C₁ = 20%C₂ = 5%V₂ = 200 mL
V₁ = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
点滴が 60 滴/mL のセットで 60 滴/分で落ちています。患者は 4 時間に何ミリリットル V 受け取りますか?
60 gtt/min60 gtt/mL4 h
V = mL
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグに薬剤 4 g が 500 mL 中に含まれています。指示は 1 分あたり 2 mg です。ポンプを何 mL/h の速度 R に設定しますか?
4 g/500 mL2 mg/min
R = mL/h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 94 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
答え: B · It keeps the head, neck and spine aligned as one unit
これが答えになる理由
Log-rolling turns the body as a single unit while one person controls the head and neck, protecting a possibly unstable spine.
答え
B · It keeps the head, neck and spine aligned as one unit
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Help the patient sit or lie down safely
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest postural hypotension and a risk of fainting. The nurse lowers the patient safely first, then checks blood pressure and pulse and reports the finding.
答え
A · Help the patient sit or lie down safely
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Organic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
これが答えになる理由
Blood, secretions and soil protect organisms and can inactivate disinfectants. Cleaning is always done first, followed by disinfection or sterilization as required.
答え
B · Organic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Airborne and contact precautions
これが答えになる理由
Smallpox spreads by respiratory particles and by contact with lesions or contaminated items, so airborne and contact precautions are used. Only immunized staff should provide care where possible.
答え: A · Giving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
これが答えになる理由
LPNs/LVNs usually give scheduled injections to stable patients. A fresh postoperative assessment and teaching plans need the RN, and routine vital signs are better given to the assistant so the LPN/LVN can use their skills.
答え
A · Giving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
これが答えになる理由
Facing the patient in good light, speaking clearly at a normal pace, checking hearing aids and reducing noise improves communication. Written information can also help.
答え
C · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · 高く尖った T 波
これが答えになる理由
高カリウム血症では尖った T 波、次に QRS の幅の拡大、さらにサイン波様の波形や心停止が起こり得ます。低カリウム血症では平坦な T 波と U 波がみられます。
赤血球はカリウムに富んでいます。採血管の中で壊れると(きつい駆血帯、手を握ること、細い針が原因)、カリウムが漏れ出し、結果は偽高値になります。真の高カリウム血症を見逃してはならないので、看護師は患者をアセスメントして再検査も行います。確認に用いた資料:Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
A · 結果は偽高値の可能性があり、患者をアセスメントして再採血を手配する
11.薬理学
答え: A · Do not stop the drug suddenly, as this can trigger severe seizures
これが答えになる理由
Abrupt withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs can cause rebound seizures and even status epilepticus. Any change is made gradually under medical supervision.
答え
A · Do not stop the drug suddenly, as this can trigger severe seizures
12.薬理学
答え: B · More drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
これが答えになる理由
In cirrhosis, less of the oral dose is removed by the liver on its first pass, partly because blood bypasses the liver through shunts. Bioavailability and plasma levels rise, so doses of such drugs often need to be reduced.
答え
B · More drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Intravenous magnesium sulfate
これが答えになる理由
Torsades de pointes is treated with IV magnesium, plus correction of low potassium and stopping drugs that prolong the QT interval. If the patient loses their pulse, defibrillation is needed. Potassium must never be given as an IV bolus.
答え
B · Intravenous magnesium sulfate
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Call for emergency help and prepare for urgent vascular surgery
これが答えになる理由
Sudden abdominal or back pain with hypotension in a patient with an AAA suggests rupture, which is often fatal without urgent repair. The team is called at once, large-bore IV access and blood are arranged, and the patient goes to theatre. Fluid may be limited so the blood pressure is not pushed high (permissive hypotension), as directed by the team.
答え
A · Call for emergency help and prepare for urgent vascular surgery
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Urgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect
これが答えになる理由
Anticoagulants make the haematoma expand. Warfarin is reversed urgently, typically with prothrombin complex concentrate and IV vitamin K. Thrombolysis and antiplatelets are contraindicated in a bleed.
答え: C · To reduce insulin resistance and improve recovery
これが答えになる理由
Carbohydrate loading the night before and a few hours before surgery reduces thirst, hunger and postoperative insulin resistance. It is not used in every patient, for example some with diabetes.
答え
C · To reduce insulin resistance and improve recovery
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Report it; this is hand-foot syndrome and treatment may need changing
これが答えになる理由
Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia (hand-foot syndrome) is common with capecitabine and fluorouracil. It is graded and may need a treatment break or dose reduction; emollients and avoiding heat and friction help.
答え
D · Report it; this is hand-foot syndrome and treatment may need changing
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Wear a supportive bra and use cold packs
これが答えになる理由
In non-breastfeeding women, stimulation increases milk production. A firm supportive bra, cold packs and mild analgesics help until the engorgement settles in a few days.
答え
D · Wear a supportive bra and use cold packs
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Severe fetal anaemia
これが答えになる理由
A sinusoidal pattern is a regular, smooth undulating rhythm without variability. It is associated with severe fetal anaemia, for example from isoimmunisation or fetomaternal haemorrhage, and needs urgent evaluation.
答え: D · "What evidence do you have that nobody likes you?"
これが答えになる理由
Cognitive restructuring helps the patient examine the evidence for and against a negative automatic thought, then develop a more balanced view. Reassurance or advice does not help the patient learn this skill.
答え
D · "What evidence do you have that nobody likes you?"
24.精神看護
答え: A · Agree a simple daily routine with small, achievable activities and give positive feedback
これが答えになる理由
Negative symptoms such as avolition and anhedonia improve with structure, step-by-step goals and encouragement. Punishment or waiting for the patient to start on his own usually makes withdrawal worse.
答え
A · Agree a simple daily routine with small, achievable activities and give positive feedback
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 15 mcg/min × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 15·60/1000 = 0.9 mg/h
答え
D = 0.9 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 600 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
20·30 = 600 mg
答え
D = 600 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 50 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 5·200/20 = 50 mL
答え
V₁ = 50 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 240 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
60·60/60 = 60 mL/h
体積
V = 60·4 = 240 mL
答え
V = 240 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 15 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 12/min → 0
SpO₂ 88% → 3
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 150 mmHg → 0
HR 88/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 34.8 °C → 3
足す
NEWS2 = 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 = 6
答え
NEWS2 = 6
34.臨床アセスメントスコア
答え: 低~中
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 7/min → 3
SpO₂ 99% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 102 mmHg → 1
HR 58/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 36.8 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 3 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 4
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
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