A patient with DKA has an arterial blood gas showing a low pH and a low bicarbonate. Which disturbance is this?
ARespiratory acidosis
BRespiratory alkalosis
CMetabolic alkalosis
DMetabolic acidosis
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient with a new ileostomy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"My output will be firm and formed like before."
B"I will empty the bag when it is about a third to half full."
C"My stoma should look pink or red and moist."
D"I will drink extra fluids when it is hot."
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient on peritoneal dialysis notices that the drained fluid is cloudy and has abdominal pain. What should the nurse do?
ARecord it as normal and continue the usual exchanges
BStop dialysis for a week and recheck the fluid later
CSend the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
DAdd more glucose to the next bag to clear the fluid
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia has a measured sodium of 128 mEq/L, but a measured serum osmolality is normal, and the patient has no symptoms. What is the most likely explanation?
ATrue hyponatremia from SIADH that needs fluid restriction
BPseudohyponatremia, an artifact caused by very high lipids
CHyponatremia caused by drinking far too much water
DHyponatremia caused by severe hyperglycemia in diabetes
11.薬理学ふつう
What should the nurse teach a patient about taking levothyroxine?
ATake it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
BTake it only on days when feeling tired
CTake it together with the iron tablet to save time
DTake it with milk at dinner, as calcium protects the stomach lining
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient taking digoxin has nausea, yellow-green vision and a dangerous arrhythmia. Which specific treatment can bind the drug?
ADigoxin immune Fab (antibody fragments)
BIntravenous vitamin K (phytomenadione) given slowly
CFlumazenil
DProtamine sulfate
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient with bronchiectasis of the right lower lobe is taught postural drainage. How should they be positioned?
AWith the affected lobe lowest so it fills with mucus
BFlat on the back with the arms raised
CWith the affected lobe uppermost so gravity drains it
DSitting fully upright at all times
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient regains a pulse after a ventricular fibrillation arrest that was probably caused by a heart attack. Which investigation is most urgent?
AA 12-lead ECG
BSpirometry
CAn abdominal ultrasound
DA lumbar puncture
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with migraine takes painkillers or triptans on most days and now has a headache almost every day. What is the likely problem?
AA brain tumour, which is almost certain
BNormal progress of migraine
CAn allergy to the painkillers
DMedication overuse headache
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Six hours after a catheter is removed, a patient has not passed urine and feels uncomfortable. What should the nurse do?
APut the catheter back without assessing
BTell the patient to drink two litres of water quickly
CWait until the next morning before checking
DDo a bladder scan to check for retention
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which risk is particularly linked with tramadol?
ARapid liver failure at normal doses
BSevere stomach ulcers in all patients
CHigh blood pressure that needs emergency treatment in most patients
DSerotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
小腸閉塞の患者の経鼻胃管から1日2 Lが排液されています。最も重要な看護の焦点はどれですか?
A喪失を防ぐため、1 L排液されたらチューブを抜去する
B胃液を温存するため、チューブを長時間クランプする
Cチューブが除去する分を補うため、経口の水分を自由に与える
D静注による補充と電解質チェックを伴う、正確な水分出納
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which nursing measure is used during phototherapy?
Razors cause small skin cuts that increase surgical site infection. If needed, hair is removed with electric clippers close to the time of surgery.
答え
C · Electric clippers on the day of surgery
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
これが答えになる理由
A dusky, purple or black stoma suggests ischaemia or necrosis, which can need surgery. The nurse reports it to the surgical team at once.
答え
C · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Around the patient’s waist, over clothing
これが答えになる理由
The gait belt goes snugly around the waist over clothing, close to the center of gravity, with room for the nurse’s fingers underneath. Holding it gives control without pulling on the arms.
答え: C · Day 1 after an uncomplicated vaginal birth, stable vital signs
これが答えになる理由
A stable patient after an uncomplicated birth fits the LPN/LVN role. Heavy bleeding, magnesium infusions and new admissions with fever need RN assessment.
答え
C · Day 1 after an uncomplicated vaginal birth, stable vital signs
In DKA, ketoacids consume bicarbonate, causing a metabolic acidosis. The patient breathes deeply and fast (Kussmaul breathing) to lower PaCO2 as compensation.
答え
D · Metabolic acidosis
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · "My output will be firm and formed like before."
これが答えになる理由
Ileostomy output is liquid to porridge-like because it bypasses the colon. The other statements describe correct care: good hydration, emptying the bag before it is too heavy and recognising a healthy stoma.
答え
A · "My output will be firm and formed like before."
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Send the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
これが答えになる理由
Cloudy effluent with abdominal pain suggests peritonitis, the main serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. A sample is sent for white cell count, Gram stain and culture, and antibiotics (often given in the dialysis fluid) are started as prescribed.確認に用いた資料:Dialysis - peritoneal · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · Send the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Pseudohyponatremia, an artifact caused by very high lipids
これが答えになる理由
Very high lipids or proteins take up part of the plasma volume, so some laboratory methods report a falsely low sodium. The osmolality and the sodium measured by direct methods are normal. Treating this "hyponatremia" would be harmful.
答え
B · Pseudohyponatremia, an artifact caused by very high lipids
11.薬理学
答え: A · Take it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
これが答えになる理由
Levothyroxine is best absorbed on an empty stomach, and calcium, iron and antacids should be taken some hours apart. It is taken every day, usually for life.
答え
A · Take it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
12.薬理学
答え: A · Digoxin immune Fab (antibody fragments)
これが答えになる理由
Digoxin immune Fab binds digoxin in the blood and makes it inactive. It is used for life-threatening toxicity, such as serious arrhythmias or severe hyperkalaemia.
答え
A · Digoxin immune Fab (antibody fragments)
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · With the affected lobe uppermost so gravity drains it
これが答えになる理由
Postural drainage places the patient so the affected segment is above the main bronchus, letting gravity move secretions towards the larger airways to be coughed up. It is combined with breathing techniques. Head-down positions are avoided in patients with reflux, recent surgery or breathlessness.
答え
C · With the affected lobe uppermost so gravity drains it
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · A 12-lead ECG
これが答えになる理由
After return of spontaneous circulation, a 12-lead ECG looks for STEMI, which needs urgent coronary angiography and PCI. Post-resuscitation care also aims for normal oxygen and CO₂ levels, blood pressure support, glucose control and avoiding fever.
答え
A · A 12-lead ECG
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Medication overuse headache
これが答えになる理由
Frequent use of painkillers or triptans can cause medication overuse headache. Treatment involves withdrawing the overused drug under guidance and starting a preventive treatment if needed.
答え
D · Medication overuse headache
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Do a bladder scan to check for retention
これが答えになる理由
After catheter removal, the patient is monitored for voiding. Discomfort without voiding suggests retention. A bladder scan shows the volume, and the team decides whether to re-catheterise or use intermittent catheterisation.
答え
D · Do a bladder scan to check for retention
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Serotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
これが答えになる理由
Tramadol is a weak opioid that also inhibits serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake. It can lower the seizure threshold and cause serotonin syndrome with SSRIs and other serotonergic drugs.
答え
D · Serotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
The baby is undressed except for a small nappy, eyes are shielded, position is changed and temperature and hydration are monitored. Frequent feeds help excrete bilirubin through stools.
答え: B · Usually not; the child was most infectious before the rash appeared
これが答えになる理由
In fifth disease the child is most infectious during the mild illness before the rash. By the time the rash appears, the child is usually no longer infectious and does not need to be kept off school.
答え
B · Usually not; the child was most infectious before the rash appeared
23.精神看護
答え: C · "What evidence do you have that nobody likes you?"
これが答えになる理由
Cognitive restructuring helps the patient examine the evidence for and against a negative automatic thought, then develop a more balanced view. Reassurance or advice does not help the patient learn this skill.
答え
C · "What evidence do you have that nobody likes you?"
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
99 − 32 = 67
5/9を掛ける
T = 67·5/9 = 37.22 ≈ 37.2 °C
答え
T = 37.2 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: N = 1
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
合計容量
2.5 mL × 2 × 7 = 35 mL
ボトル
35/150 = 0.2333 → N = 1
答え
N = 1
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.3 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 8/min → 3
SpO₂ 86% → 3
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 96 mmHg → 2
HR 44/min → 1
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 35.8 °C → 1
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 3 + 3 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 10
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
高
答え
高
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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