How should a patient with facial burns usually be positioned?
ALying flat with the head lower than the feet
BIn any position that keeps the face covered
CLying face down on the pillow to protect the airway
DWith the head of the bed raised to reduce swelling
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
On the day after a Hartmann's procedure, the end colostomy is dark purple to black. What should the nurse do?
ACut a smaller hole in the pouch
BReport it urgently, as the stoma may be necrotic
CRecord it as normal postoperative bruising and recheck it next week
DRub the stoma to improve its colour
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
B 群溶血性レンサ球菌(GBS)の 全例スクリーニングが行われている地域では、腟・直腸の擦過検体は通常いつ採取しますか?
A妊娠 20 週ごろ
B妊娠 36~37 週ごろ
C分娩中の破水後
D初回の妊婦健診
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A newborn has excessive frothy saliva and chokes and turns blue with the first feed. What is the priority?
AStop feeding and report it urgently
BGive the baby water instead of milk
CContinue feeding more slowly
DPlace the baby on its back to sleep
21.小児看護ふつう
血友病の子どもに適用される注意はどれですか?
A出血している関節を温める
B可能な限り、筋肉内注射と直腸温の測定を避ける
C痛みにアスピリンを与える
D関節と筋肉を鍛えるために、ラグビーなどの接触スポーツを勧める
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 5-year-old insists that a tall, thin glass holds more juice than a short, wide glass, although he saw the same amount poured into each. What explains this?
AHe has a visual problem and needs an eye examination
BHe is showing abstract reasoning typical of the formal operational stage
CHe has not yet developed conservation, which is typical of the preoperational stage
DIt is a sign of intellectual disability that needs assessment
23.精神看護ふつう
When is the risk of suicide particularly high for patients after psychiatric inpatient care?
AOnly while the patient is asleep in hospital
BThere is no change in risk after discharge
CIn the first weeks after discharge
DOnly after one year at home
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient with PTSD is having a nightmare and thrashing in bed. What is the safest way for the nurse to wake him?
AShake him firmly by the shoulders until he is fully awake
BTurn on all the lights and shout loudly so that he wakes up quickly
CStand at a safe distance, say his name clearly and tell him where he is
DHold his arms down firmly so that he cannot hit anyone or hurt himself while he is still asleep
答え: B · Slowly, low and close to the skin, while supporting the skin
これが答えになる理由
Peeling the tape back low and slow while holding the skin reduces the pulling force on fragile skin. Adhesive removers can also help.
答え
B · Slowly, low and close to the skin, while supporting the skin
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Pressure damage, hypothermia and muscle breakdown
これが答えになる理由
A long lie causes pressure injury, hypothermia, dehydration and rhabdomyolysis, which can damage the kidneys. The patient is assessed carefully for these as well as for fractures.
答え
D · Pressure damage, hypothermia and muscle breakdown
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · From the sampling port, after cleaning it, using aseptic technique
これが答えになる理由
Urine in the bag is old and may contain extra bacteria, and disconnecting the system lets organisms in. The sample is taken from the sampling port with a sterile syringe after disinfecting the port.
答え
A · From the sampling port, after cleaning it, using aseptic technique
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Helping the patient bathe while wearing a gown and gloves
これが答えになる理由
Assistive personnel can carry out routine care for a stable patient, using the correct PPE. Assessment, teaching and clinical judgement, such as deciding when to stop precautions, cannot be delegated to them.
答え
B · Helping the patient bathe while wearing a gown and gloves
答え: D · Stay and tell the charge nurse, and hand over before leaving
これが答えになる理由
The nurse must not leave patients without handing over to another qualified nurse. Telling the charge nurse allows staffing to be arranged safely.
答え
D · Stay and tell the charge nurse, and hand over before leaving
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · To prevent urine flowing back into the bladder
これが答えになる理由
Keeping the bag below the bladder allows drainage and prevents backflow, which reduces infection risk. The bag should also not touch the floor.
答え
C · To prevent urine flowing back into the bladder
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · It stops the clot growing and prevents new clots while the body breaks it down
これが答えになる理由
Anticoagulants prevent clot extension and new clots; the body's own fibrinolysis gradually breaks down the existing clot. Thrombolysis, which actively dissolves clots, is reserved for massive PE with shock.
答え
C · It stops the clot growing and prevents new clots while the body breaks it down
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Keep taking insulin and check blood or urine ketones
これが答えになる理由
During illness, stress hormones raise glucose, so insulin is continued even when eating less. Glucose and ketones are checked often, fluids are taken, and the provider is contacted if ketones are moderate or high or vomiting prevents fluids.確認に用いた資料:Diabetes - when you are sick · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
D · Keep taking insulin and check blood or urine ketones
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · "If I miss a dose, I will take two tablets the next day"
これが答えになる理由
Doubling a missed warfarin dose can raise the INR and cause bleeding; the patient should follow the prescriber's instructions, usually taking the missed dose the same day or skipping it. A steady vitamin K intake, regular INR checks and telling other providers are correct.確認に用いた資料:Warfarin (drug information) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
A · "If I miss a dose, I will take two tablets the next day"
11.薬理学
答え: A · Stop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
これが答えになる理由
Suspected extravasation of a vesicant is an emergency. The infusion is stopped, the cannula is left in so that drug can be aspirated, and the protocol, which may include an antidote and cold or warm packs, is followed.
答え
A · Stop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
12.薬理学
答え: D · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors and ARBs cause fetal kidney damage, oligohydramnios and other problems, especially later in pregnancy. Drugs such as labetalol, nifedipine or methyldopa are used instead.
答え
D · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
答え: D · With the head of the bed raised to reduce swelling
これが答えになる理由
Raising the head reduces facial and airway swelling. The airway is monitored closely because swelling can increase over the first 24–48 hours.
答え
D · With the head of the bed raised to reduce swelling
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be necrotic
これが答えになる理由
A dark or black stoma suggests poor blood supply and necrosis, which can extend below the skin. The surgical team must assess it urgently, as further surgery may be needed.
答え
B · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be necrotic
Drooling and choking with feeds suggest oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Feeding is stopped, the pouch is suctioned and the baby is kept upright while surgical review is arranged.
答え: C · He has not yet developed conservation, which is typical of the preoperational stage
これが答えになる理由
Preoperational children focus on one feature, such as height, and cannot yet understand that the amount stays the same when the shape changes. Conservation develops in the concrete operational stage, from about 7 years.
答え
C · He has not yet developed conservation, which is typical of the preoperational stage
23.精神看護
答え: C · In the first weeks after discharge
これが答えになる理由
The period shortly after discharge carries a high risk of suicide. Early follow-up, a safety plan and clear crisis contacts help bridge the transition.
答え
C · In the first weeks after discharge
24.精神看護
答え: C · Stand at a safe distance, say his name clearly and tell him where he is
これが答えになる理由
A person waking from a trauma nightmare may react defensively. Staying out of reach, using the person's name and orienting him to time and place keeps both the patient and staff safe.
答え
C · Stand at a safe distance, say his name clearly and tell him where he is
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL
全投与期間
V = 7.5 mL × 2/日 × 7 = 105 mL
答え
V = 105 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 600 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
10·60 = 600 mg
答え
D = 600 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 4.4 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
体重 (kg)
48.4/2.2 = 22 kg
投与量
5·22 = 110 mg
体積
V = (110/125)·5 = 4.4 mL
答え
V = 4.4 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 280 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
35·60/15 = 140 mL/h
体積
V = 140·2 = 280 mL
答え
V = 280 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: D = 10 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 12/min → 0
SpO₂ 98% → 0
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 222 mmHg → 3
HR 50/min → 1
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 36.7 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 2 + 3 + 1 + 0 + 0 = 6
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
中
答え
中
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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