A patient recovering from acute tubular necrosis now passes 4–5 L of urine a day. Which electrolyte changes should the nurse watch for?
AHigh calcium and high phosphate from bone loss
BNo changes, because the kidneys are now normal
CLow potassium and low sodium from urine losses
DHigh potassium and high sodium from retention
11.薬理学ふつう
Which antihypertensive class can raise blood glucose and uric acid levels, sometimes triggering gout?
AAngiotensin II receptor blockers
BThiazide diuretics
CAlpha-1 blockers
DACE inhibitors
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on valproate becomes lethargic, starts vomiting and develops jaundice. Which adverse effect should be suspected first?
AHypothyroidism
BKidney stones
CNormal start-up side effects
DLiver toxicity
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient with heart failure is comfortable at rest but becomes breathless walking across a room. Which NYHA class fits best?
AClass II
BClass I
CClass IV
DClass III
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Ten days after cardiac surgery, a patient has a fever, a red sternal wound with discharge and a clicking feeling in the chest when coughing. What should the nurse suspect?
APericarditis from the operation
BSternal wound infection with an unstable sternum
CNormal wound healing with some expected discharge
DCostochondritis caused by forceful coughing
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
高血糖高浸透圧状態(HHS)について正しい記述はどれですか?
A必ず血中ケトンの上昇と重度の代謝性アシドーシスを起こす
B数分で発症し、DKAより危険性は低い
C主に1型糖尿病の幼児にみられる
D主に2型糖尿病の高齢者に、数日かけて起こる
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Six weeks after a kidney transplant, a patient has a fever, tenderness over the graft, less urine and a rising creatinine. What is most likely?
ADehydration that needs only more oral fluids and rest
BAcute rejection, needing urgent transplant team review
CA side effect of sun exposure
DA normal finding as the kidney settles in
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which lung problem is a known toxicity of bleomycin?
APneumothorax from coughing
BAsthma from pollen
CLung cancer within weeks
DPulmonary fibrosis
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient going home between chemotherapy cycles. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"If I get a fever, I'll take paracetamol and see if it settles."
B"I'll wash my hands often and avoid people with infections."
C"I'll check my temperature whenever I feel hot, shivery or unwell."
D"I'll keep the emergency number and call if I feel shivery."
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
母乳栄養の健康な新生児の生後 3 日目に予想される所見はどれですか?
A過去 24 時間でおむつの濡れがない
B出生体重の約 6 % の体重減少
C出生体重の約 15 % の体重減少
D出生時から 300 g の体重増加
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
An 18-year-old at 30 weeks has missed several antenatal visits. What is the most helpful nursing approach?
ATell her she is putting her baby at risk and must attend
BExplore barriers and offer flexible, youth-friendly care
CDischarge her from antenatal care
DReport her to social services for missing visits
21.小児看護ふつう
Which activity best supports a 9-year-old during a long hospital stay?
ASchoolwork and contact with classmates, plus games or hobbies
BWatching television alone for most of the day
CStaying in bed with no visitors to rest
DPlaying with baby toys in the toddler playroom with younger children
22.小児看護むずかしい
Why is a pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine recommended during pregnancy?
AIt prevents the mother from passing pertussis to the baby through breast milk
BIt protects the fetus from developing heart defects
CThe mother's antibodies cross the placenta and protect the baby in the first weeks of life
DIt replaces the need for the baby's own pertussis vaccines
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient with psychosis says, "There's a man standing in the corner." The nurse sees no one there. Which response uses presenting reality?
A"The man will go away if you ignore him."
B"What does the man in the corner look like?"
C"That's just your illness talking, so there's nothing to worry about. Try to think of something else."
D"I don't see anyone in the corner, but I know it seems real to you."
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient has had delusions and hallucinations for a year. For most of this time he has also had episodes of major depression, but for at least two weeks at a time his psychotic symptoms continued without any mood symptoms. Which diagnosis best fits this pattern?
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある成人の体重は 103 kg、身長は 173 cm です。BMI を計算し、WHO の体重区分をクリックしてください。
103 kg173 cm
1低体重(やせ)
2普通体重
3過体重
4肥満クラスI
5肥満クラスII
6肥満クラスIII
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: B · Electric clippers on the day of surgery
これが答えになる理由
Razors cause small skin cuts that increase surgical site infection. If needed, hair is removed with electric clippers close to the time of surgery.
答え
B · Electric clippers on the day of surgery
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · The systolic may be read too low and the diastolic too high
これが答えになる理由
Fast deflation means the gauge drops past the first and last sounds before they are heard. The usual advice is to deflate at about 2–3 mmHg per second.
答え
B · The systolic may be read too low and the diastolic too high
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Refuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security
これが答えになる理由
Infants are only handed to staff with proper identification, as set out in the infant security policy. Suspicious behavior is reported to security at once, and parents are taught to do the same.
答え
B · Refuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security
答え: C · Peritonitis, which needs prompt reporting and a fluid sample
これが答えになる理由
Cloudy effluent with abdominal pain is a classic sign of peritonitis, a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. The nurse reports it and sends a sample as prescribed so antibiotics can start.
答え
C · Peritonitis, which needs prompt reporting and a fluid sample
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · A nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
これが答えになる理由
Short-acting beta2-agonists relieve bronchospasm within minutes. Oxygen to target, steroids and other treatments are added according to severity.
答え
A · A nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
これが答えになる理由
In chronic hyponatraemia brain cells adapt to the low tonicity. A rapid rise in sodium draws water out too fast and can cause osmotic demyelination, so the correction rate is limited and sodium is checked often.
答え
C · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
答え: C · Low potassium and low sodium from urine losses
これが答えになる理由
In the diuretic phase of AKI, the recovering tubules lose large amounts of water and electrolytes, so dehydration, hypokalemia and hyponatremia can occur. Daily weights, intake and output, and frequent electrolytes guide replacement.確認に用いた資料:Acute tubular necrosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Low potassium and low sodium from urine losses
11.薬理学
答え: B · Thiazide diuretics
これが答えになる理由
Thiazide diuretics reduce uric acid excretion and can worsen glucose tolerance. They also cause low potassium and sodium, so electrolytes are monitored.
答え
B · Thiazide diuretics
12.薬理学
答え: D · Liver toxicity
これが答えになる理由
Valproate can cause serious hepatotoxicity, especially in young children and early in treatment. Liver function tests are checked, and the drug may need to be stopped; pancreatitis is another serious risk.
答え
D · Liver toxicity
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Class III
これが答えになる理由
NYHA class I has no limitation, class II slight limitation with ordinary activity, class III marked limitation with less than ordinary activity but comfortable at rest, and class IV symptoms at rest. The class guides treatment and prognosis.
答え
D · Class III
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Sternal wound infection with an unstable sternum
これが答えになる理由
Deep sternal wound infection and sternal dehiscence are serious complications, more common with diabetes, obesity and COPD. Signs include fever, wound discharge, redness and an unstable or clicking sternum. Urgent surgical review, wound swabs, blood cultures and antibiotics are needed.
答え
B · Sternal wound infection with an unstable sternum
答え: B · Acute rejection, needing urgent transplant team review
これが答えになる理由
Fever, graft tenderness, falling urine output and rising creatinine suggest acute rejection, although infection must also be ruled out. Early treatment, often with high-dose steroids, can save the graft, so the transplant team is contacted urgently.
答え
B · Acute rejection, needing urgent transplant team review
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Pulmonary fibrosis
これが答えになる理由
Bleomycin can cause pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis, especially at higher cumulative doses, in older patients and with high oxygen concentrations. Breathlessness or a new cough must be reported.
答え
D · Pulmonary fibrosis
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · "If I get a fever, I'll take paracetamol and see if it settles."
これが答えになる理由
Fever or feeling unwell during the nadir may mean neutropenic sepsis, which needs urgent assessment and antibiotics within an hour. Patients must call the emergency line straight away, not wait at home.
答え
A · "If I get a fever, I'll take paracetamol and see if it settles."
答え: B · Explore barriers and offer flexible, youth-friendly care
これが答えになる理由
Teenagers may miss care because of school, transport, fear or stigma. Asking about barriers and offering flexible, non-judgemental services improves attendance and outcomes.
答え
B · Explore barriers and offer flexible, youth-friendly care
21.小児看護
答え: A · Schoolwork and contact with classmates, plus games or hobbies
これが答えになる理由
School-age children need to feel competent and connected. Hospital school, contact with friends and age-appropriate games, crafts and collections support Erikson's task of industry and reduce feelings of isolation.
答え
A · Schoolwork and contact with classmates, plus games or hobbies
22.小児看護
答え: C · The mother's antibodies cross the placenta and protect the baby in the first weeks of life
これが答えになる理由
Pertussis is most dangerous in young infants, who can develop apnoea and die. Antibodies from maternal vaccination pass across the placenta and protect the baby until their own vaccine course is completed; the baby still needs their routine doses.
答え
C · The mother's antibodies cross the placenta and protect the baby in the first weeks of life
23.精神看護
答え: D · "I don't see anyone in the corner, but I know it seems real to you."
これが答えになる理由
Presenting reality calmly states the nurse's own perception while accepting that the experience feels real to the patient. It neither confirms the hallucination nor argues with the patient.
答え
D · "I don't see anyone in the corner, but I know it seems real to you."
24.精神看護
答え: D · Schizoaffective disorder
これが答えになる理由
In schizoaffective disorder, a major mood episode occurs alongside schizophrenia symptoms, mood episodes are present for most of the illness, and psychotic symptoms are also present for at least 2 weeks without a mood episode. In psychotic depression, the psychosis occurs only during the mood episode.
答え
D · Schizoaffective disorder
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 38.4 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
101.1 − 32 = 69.1
5/9を掛ける
T = 69.1·5/9 = 38.39 ≈ 38.4 °C
答え
T = 38.4 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: c = 141 µmol/L
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 0.5·100/20 = 2.5 mL
答え
V₁ = 2.5 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 213.3 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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