Long-term use of metformin can cause a deficiency of which vitamin?
AVitamin K
BVitamin B12
CVitamin A
DVitamin D
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient taking digoxin has nausea, yellow-green vision and a dangerous arrhythmia. Which specific treatment can bind the drug?
AProtamine sulfate
BIntravenous vitamin K (phytomenadione) given slowly
CFlumazenil
DDigoxin immune Fab (antibody fragments)
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient has pneumonia in the right lung only. In which side-lying position will oxygenation usually be best?
AFlat on the back with no pillows
BProne with the head down
CLying on the right side, with the affected lung down
DLying on the left side, with the healthy lung down
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
After chest trauma, a patient is hypotensive with reduced breath sounds on the left. Which finding suggests a haemothorax rather than a tension pneumothorax?
ADistended neck veins
BHyper-resonance on the affected side
CDullness to percussion on the affected side
DTrachea pushed away from the affected side
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient on peritoneal dialysis has gained weight and has higher glucose levels. Which part of the treatment is the likely cause?
AAir entering the abdomen during exchanges
BGlucose absorbed from the dialysis fluid
CSodium lost into the dialysis fluid
DProtein lost into the dialysis fluid
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with hypopituitarism needs both hydrocortisone and levothyroxine. Which is usually started first?
ABoth on the same day, in any order
BNeither, until symptoms appear
CHydrocortisone
DLevothyroxine
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which nursing intervention best reduces preoperative anxiety?
AKeeping family members away until after surgery
BAvoiding talking about the operation at all
CExplaining what will happen and answering questions
DTelling the patient that there is nothing to worry about
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A sacral wound has heavy exudate, and the surrounding skin is white, soft and wrinkled. What should the nurse do?
AApply a tight plastic film directly over the wound
BUse a dressing that adds even more moisture
CLeave the same dressing in place for a week so the wound is not disturbed
DProtect the skin edges and use a more absorbent dressing
Which finding is a sign that the placenta is separating in the third stage of labour?
AA gush of blood and lengthening of the cord
BThe uterus becomes soft and wide
CSudden severe abdominal pain
DImmediate fall in maternal blood pressure
21.小児看護ふつう
脊髄髄膜瘤の手術前に、新生児の嚢をどのように保護すべきですか?
Aきつい乾燥した包帯を巻く
B滅菌した湿潤状態の非固着性ドレッシングで覆い、赤ちゃんを腹臥位にする
C乾燥させるために覆わずにおく
D嚢を支えるため、嚢の周りに柔らかいリングを置いてあおむけに寝かせる
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 5-year-old with leukaemia tells the nurse she is ill because she was naughty. What is the best response?
AIgnore the remark, as she is too young to understand
BExplain the cell biology of leukaemia to her in detail
CReassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
DAgree that being good may help her get better faster
23.精神看護ふつう
A woman has new anxiety, weight loss, a tremor, heat intolerance and a fast heart rate. Which test is most important before diagnosing an anxiety disorder?
ASerum lithium level
BAn MRI of the knee
CUrine drug screen only
DThyroid function tests
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient says, "I don't have a drinking problem. I only drink at weekends, like everyone else." He drinks heavily every weekend. Which approach fits his stage of change best?
ADiscuss detailed strategies to prevent a relapse after he has stopped drinking
BRefer him straight to a residential detox programme
CHelp him set a quit date for next week
DOffer non-judgemental information and explore how drinking affects his life
答え: A · Calcium released from bone raises the calcium in the urine
これが答えになる理由
Without weight-bearing, bone releases calcium, and urine also drains less well when lying flat. Mobilisation and adequate fluids reduce the risk.
答え
A · Calcium released from bone raises the calcium in the urine
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Many cold remedies also contain paracetamol, risking liver damage
これが答えになる理由
Paracetamol is in many combination products. Taking several at once can push the total over the safe daily maximum and cause liver damage, so patients are taught to check labels.
答え
B · Many cold remedies also contain paracetamol, risking liver damage
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
これが答えになる理由
Potassium chloride given by IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias and arrest. It is only given diluted by controlled infusion, so the nurse does not give it and contacts the prescriber.
答え
B · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Speak up clearly and stop the start until the time-out is done
これが答えになる理由
The time-out is a key step to prevent wrong-patient, wrong-site and wrong-procedure errors. Any team member who sees it being skipped should speak up and halt the procedure until it is done.
答え
B · Speak up clearly and stop the start until the time-out is done
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Check for signs of low calcium and inform the provider
これが答えになる理由
Damage to the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery can cause hypocalcemia. Tingling, muscle cramps and a positive Chvostek or Trousseau sign need prompt reporting and calcium replacement as prescribed.
答え
A · Check for signs of low calcium and inform the provider
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Stop the LPN/LVN and contact the prescriber or pharmacist about another form
これが答えになる理由
Crushing an extended-release tablet releases the whole dose at once and can cause toxicity, such as severe bradycardia or hypotension. The RN steps in now and arranges a suitable form.
答え
A · Stop the LPN/LVN and contact the prescriber or pharmacist about another form
答え: D · Symptoms can return later in a biphasic reaction
これが答えになる理由
Some patients have a second wave of symptoms hours after the first, called a biphasic reaction. Observation, an adrenaline auto-injector where indicated and allergy referral are part of safe discharge.
答え
D · Symptoms can return later in a biphasic reaction
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · To avoid diluting the sample with flush or infusion fluid
これが答えになる理由
Central lines contain flush solution or infused fluids, which can dilute the sample or add glucose, heparin or electrolytes. Infusions are paused and an initial volume is discarded (or reinfused per policy) before the sample is drawn; then the line is flushed.
答え
B · To avoid diluting the sample with flush or infusion fluid
Metformin reduces vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum. Deficiency can cause anaemia and neuropathy, so levels may be checked in long-term users.
答え
B · Vitamin B12
12.薬理学
答え: D · Digoxin immune Fab (antibody fragments)
これが答えになる理由
Digoxin immune Fab binds digoxin in the blood and makes it inactive. It is used for life-threatening toxicity, such as serious arrhythmias or severe hyperkalaemia.
答え
D · Digoxin immune Fab (antibody fragments)
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Lying on the left side, with the healthy lung down
これが答えになる理由
Blood flow goes preferentially to the dependent lung. Placing the healthy lung down matches more blood to the well-ventilated lung, improving oxygenation ("good lung down"). Exceptions include a lung abscess or bleeding, when the affected lung is placed down to protect the healthy one.
答え
D · Lying on the left side, with the healthy lung down
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Dullness to percussion on the affected side
これが答えになる理由
Blood in the pleural space gives a dull percussion note, whereas air gives hyper-resonance. In haemothorax the neck veins are often flat because of blood loss; in tension pneumothorax they are distended. A massive haemothorax needs a large chest drain, blood replacement and surgical review.
答え
C · Dullness to percussion on the affected side
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Glucose absorbed from the dialysis fluid
これが答えになる理由
Standard PD fluids contain glucose to pull water out by osmosis. Some glucose is absorbed, adding calories and raising blood glucose. Glucose monitoring and diet advice are needed, and other solutions may be used.
答え
B · Glucose absorbed from the dialysis fluid
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Hydrocortisone
これが答えになる理由
Starting thyroid replacement first increases metabolism and cortisol clearance and can trigger an adrenal crisis in a patient with low cortisol. Glucocorticoid replacement is started before levothyroxine.
答え
C · Hydrocortisone
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Explaining what will happen and answering questions
これが答えになる理由
Clear information about what to expect, including pain control and recovery, reduces anxiety and can improve recovery. False reassurance does not address the patient's concerns.
答え
C · Explaining what will happen and answering questions
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Protect the skin edges and use a more absorbent dressing
これが答えになる理由
Maceration shows that exudate is not being managed. A barrier film or cream protects the surrounding skin, and a more absorbent dressing or more frequent changes are used. The cause of high exudate is reviewed.
答え
D · Protect the skin edges and use a more absorbent dressing
答え: A · A gush of blood and lengthening of the cord
これが答えになる理由
Signs of placental separation include a gush of blood, lengthening of the cord at the vulva, and a uterus that rises and becomes firm and globular. Severe pain or collapse suggests a complication such as inversion.
答え: C · Reassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
これが答えになる理由
Preoperational children use magical thinking and may believe illness is a punishment for bad behaviour or thoughts. Clear, repeated reassurance in simple language reduces guilt and fear.
答え
C · Reassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
23.精神看護
答え: D · Thyroid function tests
これが答えになる理由
Hyperthyroidism can mimic anxiety with tremor, palpitations, weight loss and heat intolerance. Medical causes of psychiatric symptoms should always be considered.
答え
D · Thyroid function tests
24.精神看護
答え: D · Offer non-judgemental information and explore how drinking affects his life
これが答えになる理由
In precontemplation, the aim is to raise awareness without confrontation, for example by giving personalised feedback and exploring the pros and cons. Action-focused plans fit later stages.
答え
D · Offer non-judgemental information and explore how drinking affects his life
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 39.9 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 18/min → 0
SpO₂ 88% → 3
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 90 mmHg → 3
HR 76/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 36.8 °C → 0
足す
NEWS2 = 0 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 8
答え
NEWS2 = 8
34.臨床アセスメントスコア
答え: 高
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 11/min → 1
SpO₂ 95% → 1
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 124 mmHg → 0
HR 38/min → 3
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 38.4 °C → 1
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 1 + 1 + 2 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 1 = 8
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
高
答え
高
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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