AA patient who is waiting for their discharge letter and medicines
BA postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
CA patient with a pain score of 3/10 whose analgesia is due in an hour
DA patient who is asking for help to walk to the toilet now
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient has fallen, and the nurse completes an incident report. Which statement about this report is correct?
AIt is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
BA copy of it is placed in the patient’s chart so all staff know about the fall
CIt replaces the need to document the fall in the patient’s record
DIt is only needed when the patient is injured
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse finds that a patient has been taking their own sleeping pills from a bedside drawer while also receiving a hypnotic from the ward. What should the nurse do?
ALet the patient keep them, since they are the patient’s own
BThrow the patient’s pills away in the bin
CSecure the home medication per policy and inform the provider
DStop giving the hospital hypnotic without telling the provider or the pharmacy
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient speaks little English, and the nurse needs to explain a new procedure. What is the best way to communicate?
ASpeak loudly and slowly in English
BUse hand gestures and hope the patient understands
CAsk the patient’s 10-year-old child to translate
DUse a professional medical interpreter
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient has a potassium of 7.0 mEq/L with peaked T waves. Several drugs are prescribed. Which one is usually given first to protect the heart?
AIV furosemide
BIV calcium gluconate
COral potassium binder
DOral sodium bicarbonate
7.臨床看護学ふつう
How does ulcerative colitis differ from Crohn's disease?
AUlcerative colitis typically causes patchy "skip" lesions
BUlcerative colitis always affects the full thickness of the bowel wall
CUlcerative colitis can affect any part of the gut from mouth to anus
DUlcerative colitis affects only the colon, continuously from the rectum
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with known cirrhosis suddenly vomits large amounts of bright red blood and becomes tachycardic. What is the most likely cause?
AA Mallory-Weiss tear from a small amount of vomiting
BBleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices
CA lower GI bleed from diverticular disease
DSwallowed blood from a nosebleed
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
In countries that screen all pregnant women (such as the US), a vaginal-rectal swab is taken at about 36–37 weeks. Which organism is it screening for?
AStaphylococcus aureus
BGroup B Streptococcus
CHepatitis B virus
DCandida albicans
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient on clozapine for 2 years has been stable. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll tell other doctors that I take clozapine"
B"I'll report a sore throat or fever at once"
C"I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
D"I'll keep all my scheduled blood test visits"
11.薬理学ふつう
Besides lithium levels, which blood tests are monitored in long-term lithium treatment?
ATroponin and CK-MB
BKidney function and thyroid function
CLiver enzymes, serum amylase and lipase
DINR and fibrinogen
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient took a large paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose 6 hours ago and feels well. Why is treatment still urgent?
AThe patient is at risk of immediate respiratory arrest
BLiver damage appears 1–3 days later, and early treatment works best
CParacetamol overdose only causes harm if symptoms start in the first hour
DThe drug will cause kidney stones within a few hours
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient has episodes of severe headache, sweating and palpitations with very high blood pressure. Which rare cause should be considered?
AStable angina
BAortic stenosis
CPhaeochromocytoma
DAsthma
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with a large pericardial effusion has a systolic pressure that falls by more than 10 mmHg during inspiration. What is this finding called?
AA pulse deficit
BPulsus paradoxus
CPulsus alternans
DA collapsing pulse
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which statement about storing insulin is correct?
AInsulin that has been frozen can be used once it has thawed
BAll insulin must be stored in the freezer to keep it stable
CInsulin should be kept on a sunny windowsill to stay warm
DUnopened insulin goes in the fridge and must never be frozen
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with Addison's disease has been vomiting for a day. They are confused, with BP 78/40 mmHg, sodium 126 mmol/L and potassium 6.0 mmol/L. What is the priority?
AOral hydrocortisone and an antiemetic by mouth
BIV hydrocortisone straight away, plus IV fluids
CIV potassium to correct the electrolytes
DA fluid restriction for the low sodium
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
In the UK National Early Warning Score (NEWS2), what does an aggregate score of 5 or more usually trigger?
AAn urgent review by a clinician skilled in acute illness
BRoutine observations once every 12 hours, with no other change in care
Parents ask where their newborn should sleep at night. Which advice reduces the risk of sudden infant death?
AIn a separate cot or crib in the parents' room
BIn a separate bedroom from the first night
COn a sofa with a parent when the baby is unsettled
DIn the parents' bed, between the two adults
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A newborn's heart rate is 80/min after 30 seconds of positive-pressure ventilation and the chest is not moving. What should the nurse do next?
AStop ventilation and give oxygen by mask only
BStart chest compressions immediately at a 3:1 ratio
CCorrect the ventilation, starting with mask and airway
DGive IV adrenaline straight away
21.小児看護ふつう
A 12-year-old with type 1 diabetes will play a long football match. What should the nurse advise?
AAvoid sport, because exercise is unsafe with diabetes
BCheck glucose before playing and keep fast-acting carbohydrate at hand
CSkip the meal before the match to avoid high glucose
DInject an extra dose of insulin into the thigh just before he starts running
22.小児看護むずかしい
A child with Hirschsprung disease awaiting surgery develops fever, explosive diarrhoea and a very swollen abdomen. What should the nurse suspect?
AOveruse of laxatives at home
BEnterocolitis, an emergency
COrdinary viral gastroenteritis
DThe disease has resolved itself
23.精神看護ふつう
The wife of a man with alcohol dependence organises her life around his drinking, hides it from others and neglects her own needs. What does this pattern suggest?
答え: B · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
これが答えになる理由
Low saturation with a high respiratory rate shows a breathing problem that could worsen quickly. The other needs are real but not urgent.
答え
B · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · It is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
これが答えになる理由
The nurse documents the facts of the fall, the assessment and the care given in the patient’s record. The incident report is a separate quality-improvement document and is not filed in the chart. Policies differ on whether the record notes that a report was made: many US facilities advise against it, while many UK services record the report reference. Falls are reported whether or not there is an injury.
答え
A · It is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Secure the home medication per policy and inform the provider
これが答えになる理由
Unrecorded home medicines can lead to duplicate doses, interactions and falls. They are stored or sent home according to policy, and the provider is told so the treatment plan can be reviewed.
答え
C · Secure the home medication per policy and inform the provider
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Use a professional medical interpreter
これが答えになる理由
Professional interpreters give accurate, confidential translation of medical information. Family members, especially children, may leave things out and should not be used for important explanations.
答え
D · Use a professional medical interpreter
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · IV calcium gluconate
これが答えになる理由
IV calcium stabilizes the cardiac cell membranes within minutes and is given first when hyperkalemia changes the ECG. Insulin with glucose, binders and diuretics then lower the potassium.
答え
B · IV calcium gluconate
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Ulcerative colitis affects only the colon, continuously from the rectum
これが答えになる理由
Ulcerative colitis involves the mucosa of the colon, spreading continuously from the rectum. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the GI tract, is transmural and has skip lesions.
答え
D · Ulcerative colitis affects only the colon, continuously from the rectum
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Bleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices
これが答えになる理由
Portal hypertension in cirrhosis causes oesophageal varices, which can bleed massively. This needs resuscitation, urgent endoscopy and specific drug treatment.
答え
B · Bleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Group B Streptococcus
これが答えになる理由
Group B streptococci can colonize the vagina and rectum and can cause severe infection in newborns. Women who test positive receive IV antibiotics during labor to reduce transmission to the baby. The UK does not screen all women routinely; it uses a risk-based approach instead.確認に用いた資料:Group B streptococcal septicemia of the newborn · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
B · Group B Streptococcus
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · "I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
これが答えになる理由
Clozapine requires ongoing ANC monitoring according to the schedule, because severe neutropenia can occur without warning. The patient must keep blood test appointments and report signs of infection at once.
答え
C · "I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
11.薬理学
答え: B · Kidney function and thyroid function
これが答えになる理由
Lithium can impair kidney function and cause hypothyroidism. Kidney function, thyroid function and calcium are checked regularly, along with lithium levels.
答え
B · Kidney function and thyroid function
12.薬理学
答え: B · Liver damage appears 1–3 days later, and early treatment works best
これが答えになる理由
Paracetamol overdose often causes few symptoms at first, while the toxic metabolite damages the liver. Liver injury peaks after about 3 days, so the decision to treat is based on the timed blood level, not on symptoms.
答え
B · Liver damage appears 1–3 days later, and early treatment works best
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Phaeochromocytoma
これが答えになる理由
Phaeochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumour, usually of the adrenal medulla. Classic features are paroxysmal headache, sweating, palpitations and hypertension. It is diagnosed with plasma or urine metanephrines.
答え
C · Phaeochromocytoma
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Pulsus paradoxus
これが答えになる理由
Pulsus paradoxus is an exaggerated inspiratory fall in systolic pressure (more than 10 mmHg). In tamponade, the right ventricle fills on inspiration and pushes the septum left, reducing left ventricular output. It also occurs in severe asthma. A collapsing pulse suggests aortic regurgitation.
答え
B · Pulsus paradoxus
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Unopened insulin goes in the fridge and must never be frozen
これが答えになる理由
Unopened insulin is kept in a fridge at about 2–8 °C. Freezing or heat destroys it, so frozen insulin must be thrown away. In-use pens can usually be kept at room temperature for the time stated by the manufacturer.
答え
D · Unopened insulin goes in the fridge and must never be frozen
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · IV hydrocortisone straight away, plus IV fluids
これが答えになる理由
An adrenal crisis is life-threatening. IV or IM hydrocortisone is given immediately, without waiting for tests, together with IV saline and checks of glucose and electrolytes. Vomiting prevents tablets from being absorbed.
答え
B · IV hydrocortisone straight away, plus IV fluids
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · An urgent review by a clinician skilled in acute illness
これが答えになる理由
NEWS2 scores respiratory rate, SpO₂, oxygen use, BP, pulse, consciousness or new confusion, and temperature. A score of 5–6 needs an urgent response, and 7 or more an emergency response.
答え
A · An urgent review by a clinician skilled in acute illness
答え: A · In a separate cot or crib in the parents' room
これが答えになる理由
Both US (AAP) and UK (NHS) guidance advise room-sharing without bed-sharing: the baby sleeps on the back in a cot or crib in the parents' room for at least the first 6 months. Sleeping with a baby on a sofa or armchair is especially dangerous.
答え
A · In a separate cot or crib in the parents' room
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Correct the ventilation, starting with mask and airway
これが答えになる理由
If the chest does not rise, ventilation is ineffective. Corrective steps include adjusting the mask seal, repositioning the head, suctioning, opening the mouth and increasing pressure. Compressions start only if the heart rate stays under 60/min with effective ventilation.
答え
C · Correct the ventilation, starting with mask and airway
21.小児看護
答え: B · Check glucose before playing and keep fast-acting carbohydrate at hand
これが答えになる理由
Exercise increases glucose uptake by muscles, so hypoglycaemia can occur during or after sport, even overnight. Checking glucose, having extra carbohydrate and adjusting insulin as advised make sport safe and beneficial.
答え
B · Check glucose before playing and keep fast-acting carbohydrate at hand
22.小児看護
答え: B · Enterocolitis, an emergency
これが答えになる理由
Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis is a life-threatening complication with fever, explosive foul-smelling diarrhoea and distension. It can progress to sepsis and needs urgent medical treatment.
答え
B · Enterocolitis, an emergency
23.精神看護
答え: D · Codependency
これが答えになる理由
Codependency describes a family member whose life becomes centred on the other person's addiction, often with caretaking, covering up and neglect of self. Support groups such as Al-Anon can help.
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 2.5 mcg/kg/min × 109 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 2.5·109·60/1000 = 16.35 mg/h
答え
D = 16.35 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 2.5·200/50 = 10 mL
加える水の量
W = 200 − 10 = 190 mL
答え
W = 190 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 30 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
90/60 = 1.5 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 1.5·20 = 30 gtt/min
答え
R = 30 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: Δ = 14 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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